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鈥淭he policy of 蝉补峁兣况补测补 is for the weak king,who is attacked or threatened with attack by a powerfull enemy. The text considers the question of the type of kings with whom shelter should be sought.鈥�^[1]

测补诲惫补濒补岣� 蝉腻尘补苍迟补岣� tadvi艣i峁ａ弓abalam膩艣rayeta | tadvi艣i峁ａ弓aval膩bh膩ve tamev膩艣rita岣� ko艣ahan岣峚bh奴m墨n膩manyatamen膩sya upakartumad峁涐梗峁璦岣� prayateta | mah膩do峁�o hi vi艣i峁ａ弓abalasam膩gamo r膩j帽膩m anyatr膩rivig峁沨墨t膩t |鈥� (7.2.6-8)^[2]

鈥淗e should seek shelter with one whose strength is superior to the strength of the neighbouring (enemy). In the absence of one superior in strength to him, he should seek shelter with the (enemy) himself and, remaining out of sight, should try to serve him with any one of the (three): treasury, army and territory. For, union with one superior in strength is a great danger to kings, except when he is at war with an enemy.鈥�^[3]

鈥渁艣akye 诲补峁囜笉辞辫补苍补迟补vad varteta | yad膩 c膩sya pr膩峁嘺hara峁� vy膩dhimanta岣グ齑潜璨贯箖 艣atru惫峁沝诲丑颈峁� mitravyasanamupasthita峁� v膩 tannimitt膩m膩tmana艣ca 惫峁沝诲丑颈峁� 辫补艣测别迟, 迟补诲腻 sambh膩vyavyadhidharmak膩ry膩pade艣en膩pay膩y膩t | svavi峁�ayastho v膩 nopagacchet, 膩sanno v膩'sya chidre峁�u praharet | (7.2.9-12)279

鈥淚f this be impossible, he should behave like one submitting with troops. And when he sees that the enemy is afflicted by a fatal disease or is facing an internal revolt or a growth in power of his enemy or a calamity of his ally and (sees) thereby his own advancement, he should go away under a plausible pretext of illness or the performance of a religious duty. Or, if he is in his own territory, he should not go to him. Or, if near him, he should strike in his weak points.鈥�^[4]

bal墨yaserv膩 madhyagatastr膩峁嘺samartham膩艣rayeta, yasya v膩'ntardhi岣� sy膩t,ubhau v膩 | kap膩la蝉补峁兣况补测补sti峁ａ弓het, m奴laharamitasyetarama鈥攑adi艣an bhedamubhayorv膩 paras辫补谤腻pade艣a峁� prayu帽j墨ta | bhinnayorup膩峁兣泆da峁囜笉am | (7.2.13-15)^[5]

鈥極r, if situated between two stronger kings, he should seek shelter with one capable of protecting him, or with one whose intervening weak neighbour he may be, or with both. He should resort to the potsherd-treaty, declaring one (to the other) as plotting to seize his patrimony. Or, he should employ dissension between the two by falsely implicating one against the other, and (use) silent punishment when they are in discord鈥�.^[6]

鈥減膩r艣vastho v膩 valasthayor膩sannabhay膩t pratikurv墨ta | durg膩p膩艣rayo v膩 dvaidh墨bh奴tasti峁ａ弓het | sandhivigrahakramahetubhirv膩 ce峁ａ弓eta | d奴峁�y膩mitr膩峁璦vik膩nubhayorupag峁沨n墨y膩t | etayoranyatara峁� gaccha峁僺tairev膩nyatarasya vyasane praharet | dv膩bhy膩mupahito v膩 ma峁囜笉al膩p膩艣rayasti峁ａ弓het, madhyamamud膩s墨na峁� v膩 sa峁兣況ayeta | tena sahaikamupag峁沨yetaramucchindy膩dubhau v膩 |鈥� (7.2.16-22)^[7]

鈥極r if situated at the side of two strong kings he should take steps against immediate danger. Or, taking shelter in a fort, he should resort to the dual policy. Or he should act on motives for resorting to peace or war. He should give support to the treasonable officers, the enemies and forest chiefs of both. Going over to one of these two, he should strike in the other鈥檚 calamity with these same (treasonable officers, etc.) Or, if pressed by both, he should resort to the circle (of kings) for shelter, or find shelter with the middle or the neutral kings. Together with him, he should support one and exterminate the other, or (exterminate) both.鈥�^[8]

dv膩bhy膩mucchinno v膩 madhyamod膩s墨nayostatpak峁Ｄ珁膩峁嚹佱箖 v膩 r膩j帽膩峁� ny膩yav峁泃tim膩艣rayeta | tuly膩n膩峁� v膩 yasya prak峁泃aya岣� sukhyeyurena峁� yatrastho v膩 艣aktanuy膩d膩tm膩namuddhartu峁�, yatra p奴rvapuru峁�ocit膩 gatir膩sanna岣� samvandho v膩, mitr膩峁噄 bh奴y膩峁僺yati艣aktimanti v膩bhaveyu岣� | (7.2.23-24)^[9]

鈥淥r, if exterminaterd by both, he should find shelter with the justly behaved from among the middle king, the neutral king or kings belonging to their parties. From among those equally just, (he should resort to that king) whose constituents would give him happiness or by staying with whom he would be able to raise himself or where his ancestors may have been accustomed to go or he may have close connections (or) where there may be many or very powerful friends鈥�.^[10]

priyo yasya bhaved yo v膩'priyo'sya katarastayo岣� |
priyo sasya sa ta峁� gaccheditya艣rayagati岣� 辫补谤腻 || (7.2.25)^[11]

鈥淗e to whom he may be dear or he who may be dear to him, which one among these two (should he approach for shelter)? He should go to him to whom he may be dear. This is the best course for seeking shelter.鈥�^[12]

础苍诲鈥�

鈥渄耻谤惫补濒辞 谤腻箩腻 valavat膩bhiyukka岣� tadvi艣i峁ａ弓avalam膩艣rayeta, yamitaro mantra艣akty膩 n膩tisandadhy膩t | tulyamantra艣akt墨n膩m 膩yattasampado v峁沝dhasa峁儁og膩d v膩 vi艣o峁�a岣� | vi艣i峁ａ弓aval膩bh膩ve samavalaistulyavalasa峁僩hairv膩 valavata岣� sambh奴ya ti峁ａ弓het, y膩vanna mantraprabh膩va艣aktibhy膩matisandadhy膩t | tulyamantraprabh膩va艣akt墨n膩峁� vipul膩rambhato vi峁�e峁�a岣� |鈥� (7.15.1-4)^[13]

A Weak king attacked by a strong king, should resort for shelter to one with strength greater thean his, whom the other would not over-reach by the power of counsel. Among those with an equal power of counsel, superiority (comes) from the excellence of men under them or from association with elders. In the absence of one of greater strength, he should stay joining forces with kings equal in strength or with oligarchies equal in strength to the strong king, whom he would not over-reach with powers of consel and might. Among those with equal powers of counsel and might superiority (comes) from extensiveness of undertakings鈥�.^[14]

鈥渟amaval膩bh膩ve h墨navalai岣� 艣ucibhiruts膩hibhi岣� pratyan墨kabh奴tairvalavata岣� sambh奴ya ti峁ａ弓et, y膩vanna mantraprabh膩vots膩ha艣aktibhiratisandadhy膩t | tulyots膩ha艣akt墨n膩峁� svayuddhabh奴mil膩bh膩d 惫颈艣别峁�a岣� tulyabh奴m墨n膩峁� svayuddhak膩lal膩bh膩d 惫颈艣别峁�a岣� | tulyade艣ak膩l膩n膩峁� yagya艣asstr膩vara峁嘺to 惫颈艣别峁�a岣� |鈥�(7.15.5-8)^[15]

鈥淚n the absence of those equal in strength, he should stay joining forces with kings inferior in strength who are upright, energetic and oppesed to the strong king, whom he would not over-reach with powers of counsel, might and energy. Among those with an erqual power of energy, superiority (comes) from the attainment of terrain suitable for one鈥檚 own (mode of) fighting. Among thos with an equally suitable terrain, superiority (comes) from the attainment of a season suited to one鈥檚 own (mode of) fighting. Among those with equally suitable terrains and seasons, superiority (comes) from draughtanimals, weaposn and armours鈥�.^[16]

鈥業t appears that 蝉补峁兣况补测补 confers the status of a prot茅g茅. One鈥檚 safety is assured thereby. It is, of course, intended that the king would be making efforts to recoup his strength and regain his independent status. Shelter may also be found in one鈥檚 own fort where one can remain entrenched.鈥�^[17]

鈥渟ah膩y膩bh膩ve durgam膩艣rayeta, yatr膩mitra岣� prabh奴tasainyo'pi bhakkayavasenghanodakoparodha峁� na kury膩t, svaya峁� ca k峁�ayavy膩y膩bhy膩峁� yujyeta | tulyadurg膩峁嚹佱箖 nicay膩pas膩rato 惫颈艣别峁�a岣� | nicay膩pas膩rasampanna峁� hi manu峁�yadurgamicchediti 办补耻峁璱濒测补岣� |鈥� (7.15.9-11)^[18]

鈥淚n the absence of help-mates, he should find shelter in a fort where the enemy, even with a large army, would not cut off his food, fodder, fuel and water, and would himself meet with losses and expenses. Among forts equally impregnable, superiority (comes) from stores and refuge. 鈥淔or, one should seek a fortress with men, rich in stores and provided with refuge, says 碍补耻峁璱濒测补.鈥�^[19]

tadebhi岣� k膩ra峁嘺ir膩艣rayeta鈥�1. 鈥減ar峁ａ箛igr膩ham膩s膩ra峁� madhyamamud膩s墨na峁� v膩 pratip膩dayi峁�y膩mi, 2. s膩mant膩峁璦vikatatkul墨n膩varuddh膩n膩manyatamen膩sya 谤腻箩测补峁� h膩rayi峁�y膩mi gh膩tayi峁�y膩mi v膩, k峁泃yapak峁�opagrahe峁嘺 v膩'sya durge r膩峁ａ弓re skandh膩v膩re v膩 办辞辫补峁� samutth膩payi峁�y膩mi ; 4. 艣asstr膩gnirasapra峁噄dh膩nairaupani峁�adikairv膩 yathe峁ａ弓am膩sanna峁� hani峁�y膩mi ; 5. svayamadhi峁ａ弓hitena v膩 yaugapra峁噄dh膩nena k峁�ayavyayamenamupane艣y膩mi ; 6. k峁�ayavyayaprav膩sopatapte v膩'sya mitravarge sainye v膩 krame峁噊paj膩pa峁� pra峁噑y膩mi ; 7. v墨vadh膩s膩rapras膩ravadhena v膩'sya skandh膩v膩r膩vagraha峁� kari峁�y膩mi ; 8. da峁囜笉opanayena v膩'sya randhramutth膩pya sarvasa峁僤ohena prahari峁�y膩mi, 9. pratihatots膩hena v膩 测补迟丑别峁ａ弓补峁� sandhimav膩psy膩mi ; 10. mayi prativaddhasya v膩 sarvata岣� 办辞辫腻岣� samutth膩syanti ; 11. nir膩s膩ra峁� b膩'sya 尘奴濒补峁� mitr膩峁璦v墨da峁囜笉airudgh膩tayi峁�y膩mi ; 12. mahato v膩 de艣asya yogak峁�emamihastha岣� p膩layi峁�y膩mi ; 13. svavik峁�ipta峁� mitravik峁�ipta峁� v膩 me sainyamihasthasyaikasthamavi峁�ahya峁� bhavi峁�yati ; 14. nimnakh膩tar膩triyuddhavi艣膩rada峁� v膩 me 蝉补颈苍测补峁� 辫补迟丑测腻惫腻诲丑补尘耻办迟补尘腻蝉补苍苍别 karma kari峁�yati ; 15 viruddhade艣ak膩lamih膩gato v膩 svayameva k峁�ayavyay膩bhy膩峁� na bhavi峁�y膩ti ; 16 mah膩k峁�ayavyay膩bhigamyo'ya峁� de艣o durg膩峁璦vyapas膩rav膩huly膩t, pare峁Ｄ佱箖 vy膩dhipr膩ya岣� sainyavyay膩m膩n膩malavdhabhauma艣ca, tam膩padgata岣� pravek峁�yati, pravi峁ａ弓o v膩 na nirgami峁�yati iti | (7.15.9-12)^[20]

鈥淗e should resort to that (fort) for these reasons; I shall win over the enemy in the rear or his ally or the middle king or the neutral king; or, I shall cause his kingdom to be seized or destroyed by one of these, viz., his neighbouring king, a forest chief, a pretender from his family and a prince in disfavor; or, by supporting the party of likely seceders, I shall raise a revolt in his fort, country or camp, or I shall kill him as I please, when he come near, by the use of weapons, fire or poison or by occult mans; or, I shall put him to losses and expenses on account of secret practices employed by myself; or, I shall succeed in gradually instigating (against him) the group of his allies or his army, when they are severely afflicted by losses, expenses and long marches; or, by destroying his supplies reserves and foraging parties, I shall bring about the subjugation of his encamped army; or by taking out troops, I shall create a weak point in him and strike with all troops mobilised; or, I shall secure a treaty with him as desired when his energy is damped; or, while he is engaged in a struggle with me, insurrections will rise all round him; or, I shall cause his base; denuded of reserves, to be devastated by my ally鈥檚 troops or forest troops; or, staying in this fort, I shall protect the welfare of a vast territory; or, if I stay here, my own dispersed troops and those of my ally will collect in one place and be irresistible; or, my army skilled in fighting in water, in trenches or at night, being freed of the dangers of (marches on the) roads, will carry out operations when the (enemy) is near; or, coming here on a terrain and in a season adverse to him, he will himself cease to be because of losses and expenses, (as) this region can be approached only with heavy losses and expenses because of the abundance of forts and forests as places of refuge, is full of sickness for foreigners and without a suitable terrain for the operation of their troops (and hence) he will enter it (only) when in trouble, and will not get out of it if he enters.鈥�^[21]

鈥業f neither kind of 蝉补峁兣况补测补 can ensure safety, the weak king is advised, as a last resort, to surrender himself to the powerful enemy. This is vassalage; the king who submits is called 诲补峁囜笉辞辫补苍补迟补, which means 鈥榳ho has submitted with troops鈥� as well as 鈥榮ubdued by forces鈥�.^[22]

鈥渁艣akaye 诲补峁囜笉辞辫补苍补迟补vad varteta |鈥�(7.2.9)^[23]

If this be impossible, he should behave like one submitting with troops.^[24]

鈥渟补峁儁耻办迟补惫补濒补迟蝉别惫墨 惫颈谤耻诲诲丑补岣� 艣a峁卥it膩dibhi岣� |
varteta da峁囜笉opanato bhartaryevamavasthita岣� ||鈥� (7.15.30)301

鈥淥ne surrendering to force should thus behave towards the suzerain in a steadfast manner, waiting on the strong united (with him) and opposed to those suspected and so on (by him)鈥�.^[25]

鈥淚n one place, the text recommends that the king who has thus submitted to the powerful enemy must ever remain watchful for an opportunity to strike back and obtain his independence.鈥�^[26]

鈥測ad膩 c膩sya pr膩峁嘺hara峁� vy膩dhimanta岣グ齑潜璨贯箖 艣atru惫峁沝诲丑颈峁� mitravyasanamupasthita峁� v膩 tannimitt膩m膩tmana艣ca 惫峁沝诲丑颈峁� 辫补艣测别迟, 迟补诲腻 sambh膩vyavy膩dhidharmak膩ry膩pade艣en膩pay膩y膩t | svavi峁�ayastho v膩 n墨pagacchet, 膩sanno v膩'sya chidre峁�u praharet |鈥�(7.2.10-12)304

鈥淎nd when he sees that the enemy is afflicted by a fatal disease or is facing an internal revolt or a growth in power of his enemy or a calamity of his ally and (sees) thereby his own advancement, he should go away under a plausible pretext of illness or the performance of a religious duty. Or, if he is in his own territory, he should not go to him. Or, if near him, he should strike in his weak points鈥�.^[27]

鈥淚n another place, however, it recommends that such a king should strictly observe the rules of behavior proper for a vassal towards his suzerain, and do everything that would be to the latter鈥檚 interest.鈥�^[28]

鈥渓avdha蝉补峁兣况补测补岣� samay膩c膩rikavadbhartari varteta | durg膩d墨ni ca karm膩峁噛膩v膩haviv膩haputr膩bhi峁�ek膩艣vapa峁噛ahastigraha峁嘺satray膩tr膩vih膩ragaman膩ni c膩nuj帽膩ta岣� kurv墨ta | svabh奴myavasthitaprak峁泃isandhimupagh膩tamapas峁泃e峁�u v膩 sarvamanuj帽膩ta岣� kurv墨ta | du峁ａ弓apauraj膩napado v膩 ny膩yav峁泃tirany膩峁� 产丑奴尘颈峁� y膩cate | d奴峁�yavadup膩峁兣泆da峁囜笉ena v膩 prakurv墨ta | ucit膩峁� v膩 mitr膩d 产丑奴尘颈峁� 诲墨测补尘腻苍补峁� na pratig峁沨n墨y膩t | mantripurohitasen膩pati yuva谤腻箩腻n膩manyatamamad峁浥泍am膩ne bhartari pa艣yet | yath膩艣akticopakury膩t | daivatasvastiv膩cane峁�u tat辫补谤腻 膩艣i峁�o v膩cayed | sarvatr膩tmanisarga峁� 驳耻峁嘺峁� vr奴y膩t | (7.15.21-29)^[29]

鈥楢fter obtaining sheller, he should behave towards the suzerain as in (the section on)鈥� 鈥榩roper behaviour鈥�. And he should carry out undertakings like the fort and others as well as the accepting and giving of princesses in marriage, coronation of the prince, purchase of horses, eatching of elephants, holding sacrificial session or fairs and going on pleasure-trips, (only) when permitted. Agreements with constituents remaining in his own territory or punishment of deserters, he should carry out all, when permitted. Or, if his citizens and country people have turned hostile, he should request for another land, being justly behaved. Or, he should deal with them by silent punishment, as with treasonable persons. He should not accept even suitable land being given to him from his ally. When the suzerain cannot be seen, he should see one of these viz., (his) minister, chaplain, commander-in-chief and crown prince, and should confer obligations on them as fer as he is able. On occasions of worship of deities and recitations of blessings, he should cause blessings to be pronounced on him. In every case, he should speak of his surrender as an excellent thing.^[30]

鈥渟补峁儁耻办迟补惫补濒补迟蝉别惫墨 惫颈谤耻诲诲丑补岣� 艣a峁卥it膩dibhi岣� |
varteta da峁囜笉opanato bhartaryevamavasthita岣� |鈥� (7.15.30)309

鈥淥ne surrendering to force should thus behave tawards the suzerain in a steadfast manner, waiting on the strong, united (with him) and opposed to those suspected and so on (by him).鈥�^[31]

鈥淭he difference is perhaps due to a difference in sources. It is not clear which policy the auther himself prefers, though he is definitely in favour of accepting the position of a vassal and rejects the view of the earlier teachers that the weak king, at the end of his resources, should throw himself in a last desperate battle with the powerful enemy like a moth entering 蹿颈谤别.鈥�^[32]

鈥渒膩ra峁嚹乥h膩ve valasamacchraye v膩 parasya durg膩munmucy膩pagacchet | agnipata峁単avadamitre v膩 pravi艣et | anyatarasiddhirhi tyakt膩tmano bhavat墨tyac膩ry膩岣� | neti 办补耻峁璱濒测补岣� | sandheyat膩m膩tmana岣� parasya copalabhya sandadh墨ta | viparyaye vikrame峁嘺 sandhimapas膩ra峁� v膩 lipseta | (7.15.13-18)312

鈥業n the absence of (such) reasons, or when the enemy has very great strength, he should leave the fort and go away. Or, like a moth in fire, he should fall (desperately) on the enemy. For, achievement of one thing or the other is certain for one giving up all hope of himself鈥�, say the teachers. 鈥淣o鈥�, says 碍补耻峁璱濒测补. Finding out suitable conditions for peace between himself and the enemy, he should make peace. In the reverse case, he should seek peace after a fight or seek escape鈥�.^[33]

sandheyasya v膩 诲奴迟补峁� pre峁�ayet鈥斺�渢ena v膩 pre峁�itamartham膩n膩bhy膩峁� satk峁泃yavruy膩t鈥斺�渋da峁� r膩j帽a岣� papyag膩ram, ida峁� dev墨kum膩r膩峁嚹佱箖 dev墨kum膩ravacan膩d, ida峁� r膩jyamaha峁� ca tvadarpa峁嘺岣モ�� iti | (7.15.19-20).^[34]

鈥淭o one with whom peace is possible, he should send and envoy, or, if one is sent by him he should welcome him with money and honour, and say, 鈥楾hese are gifts for the king, these for the queen and princes from my queen and princes, this kingdom and myself are at your disposal.鈥�^[35]

Conclusion:

According to 碍补耻峁璱濒测补鈥擨f the 痴颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king realizes that he is depleted in power then he should seek shelter. If he thinks that he is not able to ruin the enemie undertakings or to avert the ruin of his own undertakings. Then he should seek shelter.

On the other hand the opinion of Manu about 蝉补峁兣况补测补 is same with the opinion 碍补耻峁璱濒测补.

Manu said about two kind of 蝉补峁兣况补测补.

鈥淪eeking refuge is declare to be of two kinds, first for the purpose of attaining an advantage when one is harassed by enemies, secondly in order to become known among the virtuous (as the protage of a powerful king)鈥�.^[36]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

ibid., part-III, p. 254.

[2]:

ibid., part-I, p. 170.

[3]:

ibid., part-II, p.325.

[4]:

ibid., part-II, p.325.

[5]:

ibid., part-I, p. 170.

[6]:

ibid., part-II, pp.325-326.

[7]:

ibid., part-I, p. 170.

[8]:

ibid., part-II, p.326.

[9]:

ibid., part-I, p. 171.

[10]:

ibid., part-II, p. 326.

[11]:

ibid., part-I, p. 171.

[12]:

ibid., part-II, p. 326.

[13]:

ibid., part-I, p. 195.

[14]:

ibid., part-II, p. 369.

[15]:

ibid., part-I, p. 195.

[16]:

ibid., part-II, p. 369.

[17]:

ibid., part-III, p. 254.

[18]:

ibid., part-I, p. 195.

[19]:

ibid., part-II, pp. 369-370.

[20]:

ibid., part-I,pp. 195-196.

[21]:

ibid., part-II, pp. 370-371.

[22]:

ibid., part-III, p. 254.

[23]:

ibid., part-I, p. 170.

[24]:

ibid., part-II, p. 325.

[25]:

ibid., part-II, p. 372.

[26]:

ibid., part-III, p. 254.

[27]:

ibid., part-II, p. 325.

[28]:

ibid., part-III, p. 354.

[29]:

ibid., part-I, pp. 196-197.

[30]:

ibid., part-II, pp. 371-372.

[31]:

ibid., part-II, p. 372.

[32]:

ibid., part-III, p. 254.

[33]:

ibid., part-II, p. 371.

[34]:

ibid., part-I, p. 196.

[35]:

ibid., part-II, p. 371.

[36]:

ibid., p. 174.