365bet娱乐

Akasa is the fifth physical substance which is the substratum of the quality of sound. It has been defined as that wherein there exists no absolute negation of sound. 1. Prasastapada Bhasya, Page 44. 2. Jayanta, Nyaya-Manjari, Page 477. 3. Sadananda, Vedantasara, Page 61. 4. Udayana, Laksanavall, Page 34.

317 It is not an object of sense perception. There are two conditions of the external perception of a substance, namely, that it must have a perceptible dimension (mahattva) and manifest colour (udbhutarupavattva). Akasa is not a limited and coloured substance. Therefore, its existence is only an inference with sound as its probans. 1 Colour, taste, Kanada proves the existence of akasa as the substrate of soum. The specific qualities of the products of earth, water, fire and air are produced by the qualities of their material caus(R) odour and temperature are special qualities of this kind. But though sound is a special quality, it is not produced by the quality of its material cause, It is a special quality because it has the genus of sound, and because it is perceived through one external sense-organ only. Sound is not a quality of earth, water, fire and air, because the qualities of these substances are not pe meived by the ear, while sound is perceived by our Further, there may be sound in regions relatively Nor can ears. free from the influence of these substances. sound be a specific quality of space, time, soul and mind, for these exist even when there is no sound to qualify them. 1. Kanada, Vai sika sutra, 2.1.24.

318 Space, time, soul and manas do not possess any specific quality at all. Hence by elimination, the existence of a substance is inferred which alone can be the substrate of sound. Such a substance is called akasa, which is the inherent cause of sound. The other systems of Indian philosophy, however, do not agree with the above-mentioned view of sound as quality of akasa. According to the Buddhists, sound is produced out of the disturbance caused in the basic elemental substances. It has no substratum and it is 3 produced and destroyed. The Jainas hold that sound is a product of subtle sound-pudgalas and when produced, it travels upto the ear-cavity where it is apprehended. According to the Sakhya School, sound does not inhere in akasa alone but in all the five gross bhutas and their modifications, such as, a cow, a jar, etc., each of which is an aggregate product of the subtle Bhusy 1. Prasastapada Bhagya, Page 58. 2. Ibid.; Kanada, Valge sika Sutra, 2.1.24-27. 3. Vatsyayana, Nyaya Bhasya, 2.2.13. 4. Jayanta, Nyaya-Manjari, Pages 215-17. 5. Vacaspati Miura, Nyaya-Vartika-tatparya tika on 2.2.13; Page 441.

319 bhutas produced out of the five tamatras. It remains in these bhutas along with and in the same manner as odour, 1 colour, etc., and is likewise manifested by the forcible contact of a particular bhuta, as for instance, the forcible contact of a stick with a drum. Regarding the process of manifestation, it is said that the auditory sense-organ, being a modification ahankara, is more extensive (vyapaka) and pervades over the substrate of sound also; so that, the sound becomes manifested in its substratum after producing a change in it. The Mimemisakas hold that, no doubt, sound is a quality of akasa, but it is eternal and all-pervading and is only manifested. According to this view, the air waves, get in motion by a forcible contact or impulsion, move forward until they reach the tympanum and manifest there the sound already subsisting in the ear-cavity--a limited akasa. Sound is held to be eternal, according to this view, because its substrate is eternal and its being the quality of akasa wherein alone it inheres, like the all-pervasiveness of akasa. Nyaya-Vaigm The Nyaya-Valse sika system holds that sound is noneternal and is produced without pervading the whole of the 1. Vatayayana, Nyaya Bhasya, 2.2.13. 2. Uddyotakara, Nyaya-Vartika, 2.2.13, Page 280. 3. Vacaspati Misra, Tatparyatika, 2.2.13, Page 441. 4. Ibid. 5. Vatsyayana, Nyaya Bhasya, 2.2.13. 6. Vacaspati Misra, Tatparyatika, 2.2.13, Pages 441-45.

320 1 2 object. Akasa is one, eternal, ubiquitous and devoid of a genus. There is no proof for the existence of its 3 parts and hence eternal. Sound is perceived everywhere, which proves ubiquity of akasa. Hence akasa is one, ubiquitous, eternal, imperceptible substance endued with the special quality of sound. The scientists believe that sound is possible only in air and hence it should be a quality of air and not of ether. But the scientific view is not logical as sound can travel through water as well. Hence, air, water, etc., are only the mediums and not the substratum of sound. In Physics, sound is an energy and one form of energy can be transformed into another. Rediobroadcasting is an example of the transmission of sound energy into electrical energy but this only indicates that Electricity is only a medium to change the sound into wave s. According to science, sound cannot exist independently without some substratum but science is silent about the nature of this substratum. Hence, the joint system' s view that sound is a quality and it subsists in substance named ekasa is quite true, Bhara 1. Prasastapada, Bhasya, Page 25. 2. Kanada, Valsesika Sutra, 2.1.29. 3. Ibid.