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谢芯 chapter 1. Introduction 2 referent is a woman or the goddess虏. The goddess or devi is such a
wonderful and an all-encompassing canvas that every one or, say any
one under the Sun, from the lay man to the realized souls, have
contributed in expressing Her and still this canvas is neither disturbed,
nor is it distorted and disoriented. And (because of this all-
encompassing and all-inclusive nature of the goddess has indeed made
her dear, more popular, and easily and the most frequently
approachable one than any other.
And since everyone has his say, he adores her, and also
deploys her to fulfil his wish. This adoration, seeking for her help or
intervention, even using her for certain personal tasks - all these have
evolved a certain worship-pattern in turn. These patterns of practices,
ritual or prayer have evolved through a sufficiently large span of time,
to be reckoned as, methods of worship. They are broadly classified as
the tantra-mode, mantra-mode and the yantra-mode. These modes by
themselves are both independent as well as dependent.
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Independent, in the sense that it is the goddess alone who is at
the centre of worship and that she can be worshipped without the
utilization of any of these three modes. At the same time these modes
by themselves can, singly be used as yantra-upasana, as mantra-
upasana, or as murti-upasana and can be done without mutual
dependence for her worship. At the same time these modes are well
dependent and in fact they supplement and complement each other in
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[1
] Llynn E. Gattwood, Devi and the Spouse Goddess; New Delhi-1985, p.59.