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驰补艣补艣肠补苍诲谤补鈥檚 笔谤补办补谤补峁嘺 consists of more than thirty characters, including the major and minor characters.

Some of [the following important characters are discussed bellow]:

1. 顿别惫补蝉奴谤颈,
2. Kumudacandra,
3. 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补
4. 闯补测补蝉颈峁僪补,
5. 叠补苍诲墨,
6. 惭腻峁噄办测补,
7. 骋腻峁単颈濒补,
8. 艢谤墨辫腻濒补,
9. 艢墨l膩峁卥a and
10. 惭补丑补谤峁�i:

Devas奴ri 鈥�

Devas奴ri is the hero of the drama. He was a great disputant and teacher in the time of 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补 闯补测补蝉颈峁僪补. He was a pupil of Municandras奴ri, a great logician. In his young age, Devas奴ri became famous debaterand silenced several dialecticians like Kumudacandraand Gu峁嘺candra. His fame had spread to every corner so quickly that the scholars from the different parts of the country used to come to A峁嘺hillapura to hear the speech. One of the admirers of 顿别惫补蝉奴谤颈, praised him, as auspicious like a sacrificial post, producer of nectarand of brightened fame. His two hands were always ready to make peace on the earth; his costume controlled every one like the magical power of medicine and his curly hair and lovely character attracted everyone.

He was nectar in this world

鈥�谤奴辫补尘 尘补峁単补濒补测奴辫补尘耻箩箩惫补濒补测补艣辞谤腻艣别岣�鈥︹赌�durbhag墨k峁泃asudh膩 艣r墨devas奴rergir膩m鈥�
  鈥�(I.18).

He was very calm and quiet in nature. When he argued with 叠补苍诲墨, a Digambara showed his firmness, patienceand straightforwardness. He did not want to hurt but he never allowed anyone to surpass him.

According to him, ascetics should behave properly and without partiality towards both enemies and friends:

鈥�sama艣atrumitramat墨n膩m yat墨n膩m c膩tyantamanucitam鈥�
  鈥�(p.9).

Devas奴ri declared that they did not have any intention to blame or offend anyone as useless, but, they wanted to respect proficient people for the discussion of logic:

鈥�尘腻苍腻诲颈产丑补峁単腻测补颈惫腻蝉尘腻办补尘补产丑补峁単耻谤辞鈥檡补尘腻驳谤补丑补岣�鈥� and
鈥�na prativ膩dikadarthan膩ya kovid膩n膩m膩dara岣� 艣膩stre峁�u kintu tattvavic膩ra峁嚹亂a鈥�
  鈥�(p.10).

However, Devas奴ri shows his straightforwardness, when he argued with the minister G膩峁単ila. He never allowed him to go ahead. G膩峁単ila blamed that 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 did not have the purity and therefore are not allowed into the assembly of the king.

Here Devas奴ri has given a very good example that interior rule is stronger than the outer rule:

鈥�补苍迟补谤补峁単补bahira峁単ayorantara峁単o vidhirbalav膩n鈥�
  鈥�(p.28).

His intention was that they were pure from insideand not dirty.

They are not also interested in seeing only naval point of woman and do not believe in third-way, like them:

鈥�nityam 苍腻产丑颈苍颈惫别艣补诲补谤艣补苍补辫补峁璾岣� and 办补谤补峁嘺尘腻谤驳补辫谤补惫墨峁嚹乥丑颈蝉迟补谤耻峁嚹玝丑颈岣� saha tadga峁嘺sya tava pra峁嘺yaparicaya岣�鈥�
  鈥�(p.19).

It is very clear from the words of Devas奴ri that he is unable to quarrel:

鈥�asamarth膩 eva vayam 办补濒补丑补办补谤尘补峁噄鈥�
  鈥�(p.10).

He has confidence in his knowledge. He knows that Digambaras want to win by any wrong means, but it does not matter, because it wouldn鈥漷 affect to his knowledge. When Th膩ha岣峚 wanted to bribe the judge, he prevented him and told him that his teacher Municandra has made him very strong by teaching him logic and hence there is no need to bribe the judge.

His knowledge enriched in the sciences, speaks for himself. It was difficult for Kumudacandra, even to understand his application and hence he requested Devas奴ri to write on the slate. Devas奴ri refused directly to write and asked 鈥渨as it the method of teacher and student?鈥� Even after 碍别艣补惫补 wrote the application, he was unable to understand. Thus, he was defeated and all the Digambaras left Gurjarade艣a.

Kumudacandra 鈥�

In the drama, he is the disputant from Kuntalade艣a. His talent and some successes make him arrogant and because of this, he thinks others as useless. It is true, that he has talent and is a famous disputant and has defeated many dialecticians. Further, he is expert in various types of sciences such as logic, grammar, literature and meters.

According to 础艣辞办补, he is like a snake that drinks milk but vomits only poison:

鈥�payo hi bhujaga岣� piban garalamudgiret kevalam鈥�
  鈥�(p.14).

Even when praised a little, he becomes happy. When 痴补颈迟腻濒颈办补 informs the weakness of 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 that neither they are interested in the debate nor in the ruling, they feel like losing the debate. After listening to this from 痴补颈迟腻濒颈办补, Kumudacandra thinks that success is at his feet and hence he should perform 鈥�苍补峁璦苍补诲墨辫补苍补惫颈诲丑颈鈥�. It is just like the fighting between lion and deer. However, 痴补颈迟腻濒颈办补 reminds him that he should not consider Devas奴ri as easy meat, because he has defeated Gu峁嘺candra, a famous Digambara dialectician. His heart is beating with fear but he would not leave his ego. However, Kumudacandra also reminds 痴补颈迟腻濒颈办补 that he should remember his talent and that is how 叠丑腻峁璦蝉, 艢腻峁卥补谤补蝉 and 碍腻辫颈濒补蝉 were defeated by him. The 叠丑腻峁�峁�补蝉 and others as mentioned before do not even dare to fight with him.

[厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补鈥擼

痴补颈迟腻濒颈办补 also reminds him that he should not underestimate Devas奴ri like a drop of mercury. He deserves a lot of praise and has enough talent to fight defendants like him. However, hearing this, Kumudacandra鈥檚 ego increases. He roars like a lion and thinks that no one can dare to debate with him, because he is terrifying as the ghost-fever (产丑奴迟补箩惫补谤补)and brings tears in the eyes. However, 痴补颈迟腻濒颈办补 warns him that the ghostfever could not enter into the assembly of 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补, but Kumudacandra鈥檚 hopes do not die. In the assembly hall, when 叠补苍诲墨 welcomes him for the dual, he feels great and thinks it is the indication of the fulfillment of his wish. However, he was nervous remembering 痴补颈迟腻濒颈办补鈥檚 warnings and from the beginning he started fearing Devas奴ri. When the debate was started, he could not answerand hence Devas奴ri is declared as the winner and all the Digambaras lost their place in 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补鈥檚 country.

叠补苍诲墨 鈥�

叠补苍诲墨 is a 谤腻箩补蝉腻诲丑腻谤补, from the Digambara sect. Before the start of the debate, he has a conversation with Devas奴ri and his pupil 惭腻峁噄办测补. 叠补苍诲墨 is a great admirer of Kumudacandra. For him, Kumudacandra is the Indra among the disputants on this earth, who has won eighty four times in the debate and now the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 want to fight with him.

惭腻峁噄办测补 could not tolerate his arrogant talking and therefore he replied him in the same manner of insulting the philosophy of 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 who want to rub the cavity of the eyes by the lance:

鈥�办补岣� kuntena sitena netrakuhare ka峁囜笉奴yanam k膩峁卥峁�ati鈥�
  鈥�(I.22).

Devas奴ri stops 惭腻峁噄办测补 and tells him that he should not waste time with such people who always want to blame others. However, 叠补苍诲墨 does not stop from offending others. 叠补苍诲墨 quarrels with Devas奴ri and asks why he stops his pupiland asks as to whether he feels ashamed. But Kumudacandra does not insult his pupils, as his fame remains undiminished like the flood. He always defeats his opponents and remains unconquered.

At this juncture, Devas奴ri tells his opponents cannot achieve their goal of defeating.

鈥�du岣�pur膩 eva durmedhas膩m 尘补苍辞谤补迟丑腻岣�鈥�
  鈥�(p.11).

The word 鈥�durmedhas鈥� hurts 叠补苍诲墨and therefore he blames the philosophy of 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 as unacceptable to many scholars, due to its criticism of the Vedas. Moreover, 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 are famous for the tranquilityand hence there is no need for any debate with Kumudacandra.

At this juncture, 惭腻峁噄办测补 tells that the intention of the philosophy is to liberate the women who are forced to be naked. 叠补苍诲墨 avoids the matter and leaves the place.

惭腻峁噄办测补 -

惭腻峁噄办测补 is the most devoted pupil of Devas奴ri. He is powerful, talented and crooked like 颁腻峁嘺办测补. He never tolerates any offence to Devas奴ri. When he hears the praise of Kumudacandra and insulting of the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉, from the mouth of 叠补苍诲墨, he gets angry and tells that none can collect jewel, which is on the head of the serpent. Again, when 叠补苍诲墨 asks as to why they need debate as they are famous for tranquility, 惭腻峁噄办测补 answers him that they want to liberate the condition of women in the Digambara sect. Therefore, they wanted to conduct a debate and hence it is not useless. Like his teacher, 惭腻峁噄办测补 is also very straightforward and never forgets any of his wellwishers.

G膩峁単ila 鈥�

G膩峁単ila is one of the ministers in the council of 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补. However, he is a supporter of the Digambaras. By nature, he is a corrupt person and that is why the king 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补 does not favour him. He does not tolerate 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉. Whenever he sees them, he starts teasing them. According to him, the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 are not interested in keeping the purity of the body. Again, when he saw 顿别惫补蝉奴谤颈, he tells that such impure people cannot conduct the debate, as they are prohibited from the assembly of the king.

However, Devas奴ri tells him that the Digambaras are always fond of arguments. Again, it should be noted that the sages are prohibited into the assembly, but, the teachers are not prohibited.

As regards the matter of purity, it is said that between interior and exterior, interior is stronger than exterior:

鈥�补苍迟补谤补峁単补-bahira峁単ayorantara峁単o vidhirbalav膩n鈥�
  鈥�(p.28).

Therefore, the purification of the body from the inside is better than the purification from outside. G膩峁単ila changes his word and says it is not his opinion but it is the opinion of the Brahmins. They give importance to the purification of exterior body. Devas奴ri replies him that Brahmins have many weaknesses, however, they are said to be superior.

Again, G膩峁単ila offends by saying that the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 are just covering the dirty face by the cloth like the head of the stick of the blind people held in the hand:

鈥�补苍诲丑腻苍腻尘颈惫补 濒补峁ａ弓颈办腻 karatale mu峁囜笉am samullu帽citam yuktam kevalam膩syamudgatamalam yadvastrakha峁囜笉膩鈥檝峁泃tam鈥�
  鈥�(III.10)

Devas奴ri replies him that the ascetics use the costumes, with which they are happy (yadgatirjitam膩ta峁単膩 t膩s膩m 惫别峁�a岣� 蝉耻办丑腻测补迟别). G膩峁単ila always wants to be critical. However, he has failed in every case. But he does not get tired and he tries again. However, he asks Devas奴ri as to how could a father, who does not have a son and a son who is not a father by rule, be free from the debt of father. Here Devas奴ri answers him that if such persons practice religious rights or perform duties then automatically they could be free from the debt.

Again, Devas奴ri gives a very good example that the beautiful girls are automatically attracted to the twice born, i.e. Brahmin, 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 and 痴补颈艣测补:

鈥�dvij膩t墨n膩m r膩m膩rama峁嘺rasikatvam kathayati鈥�
  鈥�(III.14).

At the end, G膩峁単ila accepts that he is unfit for argument with Devas奴ri and leaves the place.

艢谤墨辫腻濒补 鈥�

艢谤墨辫腻濒补 is a great poet in the court of 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补. He is also the child-friend of the king. Both 艢谤墨辫腻濒补 and Devas奴ri admire each other with great regard. 艢谤墨辫腻濒补 prevents Devas奴ri from the arguments with G膩峁単ila. He keeps eyes on the Digambaras, because he knows that they are very corrupt people and keep in touch with the king. He writes the matter of the debate when he knows that 艢谤墨办补谤补 is not interested in writing the matter thinking that Devas奴ri is unfit for the debate with Kumudacandra. He also got the news from 笔谤补迟墨丑腻谤补 that the Judges 艢墨l膩峁卥a and 驰补艣辞诲丑补谤补 have taken bribe to support the Digambaras. He went to Devas奴ri and informed the news; however, Devas奴ri was not worried by knowing the news because he had confidence in his talent. Again, 艢谤墨辫腻濒补 got worried when he got the news from 笔谤补迟颈丑腻谤补 that 艢墨l膩峁卥a has put a condition with the king that if Devas奴ri would be defeated then the king should surrender to him; and thus being defeated, the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 would lose their rule. But 艢谤墨辫腻濒补 had confidence in Devas奴riand so he was present in the assembly hall from the beginning to the end. At the end, he becomes happy by knowing that Kumudacandra is declared as defeated.

厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补 鈥�

厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补 闯补测补蝉颈峁僪补 is the king of Gurjarade艣a. He is the great supporter of the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补 sect. There were many learned men and poets in his court, such as 艢谤墨辫腻濒补, Devas奴ri and Hemacandra. The court was always engaged in the discussion over various types of sciences. The defendants and the disputants used to come from outside the country. He had arranged a debate for Devas奴ri and Kumudacandra, a great Digambara disputant. He had confidence and so he placed a condition with 艢墨l膩峁卥a that if Devas奴ri loses in the debate, then the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补 rule would end and if Kumudacanra loses, then the Digambaras would have to leave the country forever. Digambaras tried to win by all means; such as bribing the judge 艢墨l膩峁卥a and 驰补艣辞诲丑补谤补 but they lost. Again, they tried to change the matter of debate. However, all these attempts failed. Instead of 艢谤墨办补谤补, 艢谤墨辫腻濒补 wrote the matter of debate. There were some fraudsters like G膩峁単ila and 艢谤墨办补谤补 in the court of 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补, whom the king disliked. They did not possess the good qualities and talents, which are a prerequisite.

However, 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补 blamed himself for this because he had appointed them even without the six types of qualities:

鈥�mayaiva vin膩艣itam yannirgu峁噊鈥�pi 峁Ｄ佱笉gu峁噛avic膩ras膩re vy膩p膩re sth膩pito鈥檚i鈥�
  鈥�(p.34).

However, the king forgives everything when 惭补丑补谤峁�i declared the result that the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 won the debate. He was happy because there would be 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补 rule in the Gurjarade艣a. The king begs Vajr膩gal膩, a representative of the goddess K膩m膩k峁Ｄ� for blessings, that his court should always be adorned by the learned men like 顿别惫补蝉奴谤颈, so the defendants would fear to enter in to the court. The king is a man who respects the sciences and talent, which benefit the court of a king and the society. He then congratulated Devas奴ri with great aplomb and celebrated the win.

艢墨l膩峁卥a 鈥�

艢墨l膩峁卥a is a judge in the court of 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补. However, he is a corrupt person.

He takes bribe from the Digambaras to support them:

鈥�濒补帽肠腻惫颈迟补谤补峁嘺肠腻迟耻谤测测别峁嘺 digambare峁嘺 sapak峁Ｄ玨峁泃膩岣� santi 艣墨濒腻峁卥补测补艣辞诲丑补谤腻诲补测补岣�鈥�
  鈥�(IV, p.36).

Even he put a condition with the king 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补 that if the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补 loses in the debate then he would have to surrender to him. The king, without fearing, agreed to condition, because he had confidence in Devas奴ri. At the end, when 惭补丑补谤峁�i declared the result that 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉 won the debate, 艢墨l膩峁卥a objected, because 惭补丑补谤峁�i did not allow the request of Kumudacandra. 艢墨l膩峁卥a said then that 惭补丑补谤峁�i always breaks the ruleand does not allow the opening of debate. At this juncture, the king ruled that 艢墨l膩峁卥a should leave the place now, because, he has lost. Hearing this, 艢墨l膩峁卥a got angry and left the assembly hall.

惭补丑补谤峁�i 鈥�

He is an invited judge on the debate. He has to declare the result. However, by heart, he loves the talent of Devas奴riand so he supports the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补蝉. He selects Devas奴ri as defendant (辫谤补迟颈惫腻诲颈苍) and Kumudacandra as disputant (惫腻诲颈苍). According to the rules of debate, he declares Devas奴ri at the end as the winner of the debate. However, the real judge 艢墨l膩峁卥a objects to the decision, because 惭补丑补谤峁�i does not allow showing of the matter by writing on the slate. Thus, 艢墨l膩峁卥a leaves the assembly hall. After his leaving, the king requests 惭补丑补谤峁�i to open the matter of debate, writing on the slate (办补岣峣迟谤补). Kumudacandra was still in doubtand so 鲍迟蝉腻丑补, a councilor of 厂颈诲诲丑补谤腻箩补, again declares that the Digambara is defeated by the 艢惫别迟腻尘产补谤补. The king became proud of Devas奴ri and he felt that the preceptor 叠丑腻谤驳补惫补 was deserted by the goddess 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨.

Then 惭补丑补谤峁�i informs the king; that Oh Lord!

鈥淟istening to the success of 顿别惫补蝉奴谤颈, the followers of 碍补峁嚹乨补, Udyotakara and 痴腻肠补蝉辫补迟颈 would have been burnt in the fire of jealousy and frightfully they would have stated that the judges of the king have done partiality.鈥�

The king did not care about the statement and all celebrated the win.