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reader of the Indian epics. This evil has been enumerated
as one of the principal vices of the kings in the epic.
period. There was a separate gaming hall built in every
palace and there were public gaming houses in every city.
Manu ordains the king to prohibit gambling and betting,
while according to Narada and Yajnavalkya, the king
should protect the game if a fixed portion of revenue be
realized from the sabhika, who was the license-holder
from the king. The sabhika used to supervise gambling
and was entitled to five percent of the total stakes out of
which he paid a fixed portion to the state treasury."
The J膩takas show that gambling continued to be
popular also in the Buddhist period. The king used to
play on a silver board with golden dice. Indebtedness,
dissention, deceit, imprisonment, etc. were the necessary
results from addiction to gambling, and the sorry plight
of the gamblers is often referred to. There were many
songs which the gamblers used to chant while casting dice
and the peculiar throw is often said to depend on the
meaning and bearing of the particular song on the state
of affairs at the particular time.鲁
Kautilya had placed gambling under a separate
officer known as the Superintendent of Gambling who was
to centralize gambling in the public gaming house. Those
playing outside were to be fined. Dice were supplied by
the superintendent on hire and playing by any dice other
than those sanctioned by the government was fined.
False players not only forfeited their stakes and were
fined, but were charged with fines leviable for theft and
deceit. The superintendent not forbidding tricks and
deceitful practices was liable to double the fine prescribed
for deceitful gamblers. The superintendent was entitled
to receive not only five percent of the total stakes and
supplying dice and other accessories,
but also the fees for providing gamblers with water and
accommodation, besides his charge for license. All this
went to augment the royal treasury as the superintendent
was a paid government servant. Gambling was strictly
forbidden in camps.
the amount of hire for Percent
1 Basak, IHQ, V, p. 311. 2 Cf. Jataka, Nos. 62, 91, 482.
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