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comprising the districts of Peshawar of the North-
Western Frontier and Rawalpindi in the northern Punjab;
it included West Punjab and East Afghanistan according
to Dr. Bhandarkar.' Ptolemy, however, states the Indus
to be the western boundary of Gandari. J膩taka No. 406
indicates G膩ndh膩ra to have included also Kashmir
and Tak峁�a艣il膩. According to the Pur膩峁嘺s the kings
of G膩ndh膩ra were the descendants of Druhyu. King
Pukkusati who ruled over G膩ndh膩ra in the sixth century
B. C. is said to have sent an embassy to Bimbis膩ra,
king of Magadha, and to have defeated king Pradyota
of Avanti. G膩ndh膩ra was conquered by the king of
Persia in the latter half of the sixth century B. C. In the
Behistun inscription of Darius, G膩ndh膩ras appear among
the subject people of the Ach忙menidan Empire. In
the R膩m膩ya峁嘺, Puskar膩vati (or Pu峁�kal膩vati) the most
ancient capital of G膩ndh膩ra has been placed in
Gandharvade艣a, and the Kath膩sarits膩gara calls
Puskar膩vata the capital of the Vidyadharas. It is not
unlikely that the name G膩ndh膩ra as found in the
Mahabharata and in the Buddhist works is a corruption
of Gandharvade艣a of Valmiki.
It had two capitals, Puru峁�apura, which is now called
Peshawar, and Tak峁�a艣il膩, the Taxila of the Greek historians.
Though apparently mentioned as a despised people in
the Atharvaveda, G膩ndh膩ra became the resort of scholars
of all classes who flocked to Tak峁�a艣il膩 for instructions in
three Vedas and sixteen branches of knowledge. Panini,
a native of G膩ndh膩ra refers to Tak峁�a艣il膩 in IV. 3. 93.
Pu峁�kar膩vati or Pu峁�kal膩vat墨 was another great city which
is represented by the modern Prang and Charsadda,
seventeen miles north-east of Peshawar on the Swat
river.*
Janasth膩na. Janasth膩na corresponds roughly to
the district of Aurangabad in Nizam's Dominions and the
country between the rivers God膩var墨 and Krsn膩.
Pa帽cava峁璱 or Nasik was included in Janasth膩na. Janasth膩na
formed part of the Da峁囜笉ak膩ranya of the R膩m膩ya峁嘺.
According to Pargiter, it lay on both the banks of the
1 Bhandarkar, Carm. Lect, p. 54. 2 Ray Chaudhury, Pol. Hist. Anc.
Ind., 3rd Edn., p. 104. 3 cf. Sat. Bra. XI. 4. 1. 1. et seq; Kaus. Up. VII. 6;
Chandogya Up.; for the Buddhist Period, cf. R. Mookerji, Vi艣vabh膩rati Qtly. Oct.
1928, pp. 228-229. 4 Ray Chaudhury, Pol. Hist. Anc. Ind. 1st Edn., p. 24, 5
Dey, Geog. Dict., p. 80.