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S奴ta said:

1-2. O best of Brahmins, on. every sub-continent there are many holy rivers always full of water and originating from great lakes. They flow in all four directions: east, south, north and west.

3. The storehouse of water in the sky which is called Soma (moon) is the support of all living beings. To Devas, it is the receptacle of nectar.

4-8. From this has originated the river of auspicious waters and it flows in the firmament. With nectarine waters it functions through the seventh path of the wind. This river follows the path of the luminaries. It is frequented by groups of luminaries, and by thousands and crores of stars of the sky.^[1] Just like the moon it also goes round and round every day.

惭补丑腻尘别谤耻, the tender sporting ground of 艢谤墨办补峁囜弓丑补 is eighty four thousand yojanas high. Lord 艢颈惫补 is seated there together with Um膩 and the chiefs of his 骋补峁嘺蝉 and also sports^[2] about there for a long time. This auspicious river of holy waters circumambulates the mountain Meru.

9. With its waters agitated by the wind and by its own velocity, the river flows down on all the four inner peaks of the Meru.

10. After going beyond all the mountains partially it enters the great sea at the behest of lord 艢颈惫补.

11. There are hundreds and thousands of rivers branching out from this, which flow through all the sub-continents and continents as well as the mountains therein.

12a. Since the 骋补峁単腻 has gone to the earth from the firmament, there are innumerable small rivers.

12b-13a. In the 碍别迟耻尘腻濒补 subcontinent men are dark-coloured.^[3] They subsist on jack fruits. Their women have the lustre of blue lotuses. Their life span is ten thousand years.

13b-15a. In the 叠丑补诲谤腻艣惫补 sub-continent women are white-coloured, resembling the rays of the moon. They have their staple diet of black mangoes. They are devoid of anguish and agony and fond of sexual pleasures. Mentally meditating on 艢颈惫补 they live upto ten thousand years. Like the 贬颈谤补峁噈补测补蝉^[4] they have freely dedicated their minds to 莫艣惫补谤补.

15b-18. In the sub-continent 搁补尘补峁嘺办补, the living beings subsist on the fruits of the Nyagrodha (the holy fig tree). They live up to eleven thousand five hundred years. They are all white-complexioned and engrossed in the meditation on 艢颈惫补. The highly blessed Haira峁嘺mayas are those dwelling in the forest of 贬颈谤补峁噈补测补. They live upto twelve thousand five hundred years mainly subsisting on the 础艣惫补迟迟丑补 (holy fig tree) fruits. They have also dedicated their minds freely to the lord like the 贬颈谤补峁噈补测补蝉.

19. The Kurus in 碍耻谤耻惫补谤峁�a are those who have fallen down there from the heavenly world. All of them are born, by copulation. They are fond of milk^[5] and live on milk diet.

20. They love one another and have qualities similar to those of the 颁补办谤补惫腻办补 birds. They are devoid of ailments and sorrow and perpetually seek happiness.

21. They live up to fourteen thousand five hundred years. They have great virility, but do not associate with other women.

22. All the residents of the 碍耻谤耻惫补谤峁�a like the heavendwellers die simultaneously. They are delighted and flourishing. They take in all kinds of cooked rice and nectar.

23. They shine always like the moon; they have perpetual youth; they are dark in colour in their bodies and always wear ornaments.

24. Among all the sub-continents in the 闯补尘产奴诲惫墨辫补 the sub-continent of 碍耻谤耻惫补谤峁�a is extremely splendid. There is a magnificent palace of the moon-crested lord 艢颈惫补. It has the lustre of the moon.

25. In the sub-continent 叠丑腻谤补迟补惫补谤峁�a^[6] men are auspicious and their longevity depends on their Karmans. They are said to live for a hundred years. They are of different colours and their bodies are small.

26. They are engaged in the worship of different Devas; they experience the fruits of different kinds of Karmans; they are richly endowed with knowledge and with different materials. They are weak and have very little pleasures.

27-28. Some of them have gone to 滨苍诲谤补诲惫墨辫补^[7] and some to Kaseruka. Others have gone to 罢腻尘谤补诲惫墨辫补 and some to the country Gabhastimat. Some have gone to 狈腻驳补诲惫墨辫补, some to Saumyadv墨pa, and others to the 顿惫墨辫补 of Gandharvas as well as of 痴补谤耻峁嘺. Some of them are Mlecchas and Pulindas born of different castes.

29. In the Eastern parts of the 顿惫墨辫补 are the 碍颈谤腻迟补蝉; in the western extremities the Yavanas; in the middle the Brahmins 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补蝉 and 痴补颈艣测补蝉. The 艢奴诲谤补蝉 are everywhere.^[8]

30-31. They are established there maintaining themselves by worship, warfare and business dealings (respectively). Mutual dealings in connection with the activities of the different castes are related only to virtue, wealth and love. They are interested in their own duties. The conception and pride in performing the duties of the various stages of life are maintained properly.

32. It is only here that human beings endeavour for heavenly pleasures and salvation. O leading sages, only here they pursue the duties specified for each yuga,^[9] not elsewhere.

33. In the sub-continent 碍颈尘辫耻谤耻峁�a men live up to ten thousand years. Men are golden-complexioned and women resemble the celestial damsels.

34. They are devoid of ailments and sorrow. They are all purified by meditations on 艢颈惫补. They have Sattva qualities and the lustre of gold. They live on 笔濒补办峁�a fruits along with their wives.

35-37a. Men in the sub-continent 贬补谤颈惫补谤峁�a have complexion resembling gold. They are persons fallen from the world of Devas. They have divine forms and features in every respect. They worship lord 艢颈惫补. They imbibe the auspicious sugarcane-juice. Hence old age does not afflict them and they do not decay. They live upto ten thousand years.

37b-38. In the sub-continent 滨濒腻惫峁泃补 that was mentioned by me as situated in the middle of the 顿惫墨辫补, the sun does not dlaze [blaze?] and men do not become old. There is no light in 滨濒腻惫峁泃补, neither the sun nor the moon nor the stars.

39. The people there have the lustre of lotuses. Their faces resemble the lotus. Their eyes are like the petals of the lotus. They have the fragrance of the petals of the lotus. They are purified by their meditation on 艢颈惫补.

40. The juice of the 闯补尘产奴 fruits constitutes their diet. They are sweet-scented. They have no duties to perform.^[10] They have come there from the world of Devas and have neither death nor old age.

41. In the divine sub-continent 滨濒腻惫峁泃补, the excellent men live their full span of life which is thirteen thousand years.

42. By drinking the juice of the 闯补尘产奴 fruits they are not afflicted by old age. They have neither hunger nor fatigue. They do not die a premature death.

43. The gold found there is called 闯腻尘产奴苍补诲补. It is the divine metal. It shines and resembles a glow-worm.

44. Thus the persons occupying the nine sub-continents have been recounted by me. Their colour, span of life, diet and other things have been succinctly mentioned and not in detail.

45-46. It should be known that the Gandharvas, and celestial nymphs reside in 贬别尘补办奴峁璦. 艢别峁�a, 痴腻蝉耻办颈, 罢补办峁�a办补 and all others live in 狈颈峁�a诲丑补. The very strong 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉 called 驰腻箩帽颈办补蝉 live on sacrifices. They number thirty three thousands and they live happily on the mountain 狈墨濒补, full of lapis lazuli, the Siddhas and 叠谤补丑尘补谤峁�i蝉 devoid of impurities.

47-51. The mountain 艢惫别迟补 is the homeland of the Daityas and 顿腻苍补惫补蝉. The mountain 艢峁涐箙驳补惫腻苍 (艢峁涐箙驳墨) is the abode of 笔颈迟峁泂. The Himavat is the abode of 驰补办峁�a蝉, goblins and lord 艢颈惫补. The lord is seen in all the mountains and forests. He is accompanied by 痴颈峁ａ箛耻, 叠谤补丑尘腻, Um膩, Nandin and 骋补峁嘺蝉. In particular, lord 狈墨濒补lohita is seen on the mountains 狈墨濒补, 艢惫别迟补, and 罢谤颈艣峁涐箙驳补^[11] perpetually together with the Siddhas, Devas and 笔颈迟峁泂.

The 狈墨濒补 is of the colour of lapis lazuli. The 艢惫别迟补 is white. The 贬颈谤补峁噈补测补 has the colour of the feather of the peacock. The 罢谤颈艣峁涐箙驳补 is golden in colour. All these lofty mountains are in the 闯补尘产奴诲惫墨辫补.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

The 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 describe the three stages in the evolution of 骋补峁単腻: (i) It is a starry river (i.e. 膩k膩艣a-骋补峁単腻 the Milky Way) in the form of snow. 鈥榠i) As the snow falls on the high plateau of the Pamir (Meru) (v. 7) and also on the high ridges and ranges which surround and radiate from the Pamir region, it is still 鈥榮nowy 骋补峁単腻鈥� (=hima-骋补峁単腻). (iii) As snow melts, it divides into the four main rivers (v. 9) of Asia which radiate in different directions. The 骋补峁単腻 at this stage becomes a stream, or rather streams of water. After passing through thousands of mountains, valleys, forest and caves, it falls into the southern sea (v. 10)

[2]:

Mark the archaic form 鈥榢r墨岣峚te鈥� in the 腻迟尘补苍别辫补诲补 for 鈥榢r墨岣峚ti鈥� in the parasmaipada.

[3]:

办补濒腻岣�=办峁涐梗峁嘺惫补谤峁嘺 [办峁涐梗峁嘺惫补谤峁嚹佱弗] 艢颈惫补to峁�i峁嚹�. of dark complexion.

[4]:

Haira峁噈aya [haira峁噈ay膩岣�]鈥攔esidents of 贬颈谤补峁噈补测补 Var峁�a.

[5]:

碍峁Ｄ玶颈苍 [k峁Ｄ玶i峁嘺岣�]鈥攐f milk-white complexion. Contrast with 碍腻濒腻岣� V. 12.

[6]:

The glorification of 叠丑腻谤补迟补 is one of the common, topics in the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉.

[7]:

叠丑腻谤补迟补 is one of the nine 办丑补峁囜笉补蝉 of 闯补尘产奴诲惫墨辫补; the other eight being 滨苍诲谤补诲惫墨辫补, 碍补艣别谤耻尘腻苍, 罢腻尘谤补惫补谤峁嘺, 骋补产丑补蝉迟颈尘腻苍, 狈腻驳补, Saumya, Gandharva, and 痴补谤耻峁嘺.

[8]:

The 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 are conscious of the foreign tribes that surrounded 叠丑腻谤补迟补 (cf. Matsya. 50.75-76) Mark, 57,8.). The 碍颈谤腻迟补蝉 mentioned along the eastern limits are probably the uncivilized tribes of the forests and mountains with the Burmese type of features. The Yavanas in the west are Greeks originally and afterwards the Mohammedans.

[9]:

Since 叠丑腻谤补迟补 alone is 碍补谤尘补-叠丑奴尘颈 (land for performing action), the yuga-dharmas (duties pertaining to yugas) prevail only here. Cf. 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 cited in 艢颈惫补to峁�i峁嚹�.

[10]:

agnispanda [agnispand膩岣�]. N.S. reads ani峁�panda [ani峁�pand膩岣�] (= dharm膩di艣奴ny膩岣� 艢颈惫补to峁�i峁嚹�).

[11]:

n墨la艣vetatri艣峁涐箙ge: i.e. on the mountains of 闯补尘产奴, viz., 狈墨濒补, 艢惫别迟补 and 罢谤颈艣峁涐箙驳补.