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A PICTURE OF THE TIMES 83 and at others discourses were held on the 艣rutis, sm峁泃is, vy膩kara峁嘺-
sastra, pur膩峁嘺s and itih膩sas.
The Br膩hma峁嘺s were rich and learned. The mention of the
riches of the Br膩hma峁嘺s reminds us of the verse:
year: Sl酶fagagrenfsar: guri帽ifuga:
啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距い啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距�權�嵿�椸ぃ啶膏��啶�啷嵿え啶� 啶�啶ㄠ�嵿ぅ啶班�氞げ啶距が啶距げ啶距�權�嵿�椸�嵿ぐ啶苦げ啶距�曕�嵿し啶距ぐ啷佮ぃ啶距�� 啷�
啶︵�傕ぐ啶距う啷嵿う啶距ぁ啶苦ぎ啶�啷�啶溹ざ啶權�嵿�曕た啶むぇ啶苦く啶� 啶曕ぐ啷嵿し啶ㄠ�嵿い啶� 啶曕�囙げ啷�啶多�佮�曕ぞ啶�
啶�啶︵�嵿さ啶苦う啷嵿さ啶︵�嵿き啶掂え啷囙し啷� 啶�啷嬥�溹え啷冟お啶む�囙じ啷嵿い啶む�嵿い啷嵿く啶距�椸げ啷� 啶侧ぞ啶�啶苦い啶�啷� 啷� [pr膩ta岣� pr膩峁単a峁嘺s墨mni mantharacal膩b膩l膩峁単ril膩k峁Ｄ乺u峁嚹佱弗 |
d奴r膩dd膩岣峣mab墨ja艣a峁卥itadhiya岣� kar峁�anti kel墨艣uk膩岣�
yadvidvadbhavane峁�u bhojan峁沺atestatty膩gal墨 l膩yitam ||] 133
The Br膩hma峁嘺s followed the path laid down by the 艣ruti and
the smrti ( 啶多�嵿ぐ啷佮い啶苦じ啷嵿ぎ啷冟い啷嵿く啷佮う啶苦い啷囙�� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啷嵿ぎ啶ㄠぞ 啶膏�傕�氞ぐ啶�啶距ぃ啶膏�嵿く [艣rutism峁泃yuditena vartman膩 sa峁僣aram膩峁嘺sya ] etc.).
Boys were invested with the sacred thread and initiated into
studies at a young age. By the time he was sixteen he complet-
ed his studies. ( 啶曕�嵿ぐ啶�啷囙ぃ 啶氞ぞ啶�啶�啷佮お啶ㄠ��啶む�� 啶掂た啶оた啶掂う啶о��啶� 啶膏�曕げ啶掂�囙う啶距�權�嵿�椸�� 啶呧ぇ啷�啶むじ啶曕げ啶多ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶� )
[krame峁嘺 c膩yamupan墨to vidhivadadh墨ta sakalaved膩峁単o adh墨tasakala艣膩stra岣� )
] and entered life with full zest. The bulk of the Br膩hma峁嘺s may
have followed their ancestral occupation of study and rituals and
received the titles of distinction; but all spheres of activity were
open to them. We hear of the Br膩hma峁嘺 Vi峁ａ箛udatta, who became
a king, and Madhava who returned from Simhaladvipa after doing
good business.
The kings, princes, feudatories and courtiers came from the
Ksatriyas. They were rich, charitable, pleasure-loving and valo-
rous. The position of the king has already been described above."
The third important class was that of the Vaisyas, the mer-
chants. The sons of merchants were well up in all arts and sciences,
like gaja-艣膩stra, a艣va-vidy膩, va峁噄k-kal膩, dy奴ta-rahasya, vai艣ikopani-
峁�ad, citra, patracchedya and pusta-kal膩. For them it was not obliga-
tory to join their father's business. (Cf. Ratnadatta's attitude).
The city's wealth and splendour depended upon the wealth of the
merchants, and therefore they were an important class of people.
Besides these three classes, the K膩yasthas are mentioned.
According to the Var峁嘺-dharma they form an intermediate caste.
But prior to the epoch depicted in this work, the Kayasthas were in
the administrative services of the kings. They formed a class of
government officers. In the Narmam膩l膩 K峁�emendra devotes a whole
chapter to the Kayasthas, where the first verse eulogises them rather
sarcastically thus:
啶�啷囙え啷囙う啶� 啶膏�嵿さ啷囙�氞�嵿�涏く啶� 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ 啶�啶距く啶�啶� 啶�啷嬥す啶苦い啶� 啶溹�椸い啷� 啷�
啶� 啶溹く啶む�嵿く啶溹た啶む�� 啶多�嵿ぐ啷�啶�啶距え啷嵿�曕ぞ啶�啶膏�嵿ぅ啶� 啶�啶班ぎ啷囙ざ啷嵿さ啶班�� 啷�
[yeneda峁� svecchay膩 sarva m膩yay膩 mohita峁� jagat |
sa jayatyajita岣� 艣r墨m膩nk膩yastha岣� parame艣vara岣� ||
] i
The references to Kayasthas are generally full of scorn and deroga-
33. Mamma峁璦, K膩vyaprak膩艣a, X, cf. the following description:
啶� 啶�啶曕�嵿し啶�啶距い啷囙�� 啶掂う啶距ぎ啶� 啶膏い啷嵿く啶� 啶夃し啶膏�嵿じ啷� 啶�啶膏�嵿く啶距�� 啶�啶掂え啶距�權�椸ぃ啷囙き啷嵿く啶� 啷� 啶膏�傕き啶距ぐ啷嵿�溹え啷�啶�啶苦�� 啶�啶班い啶� 啶曕�嵿ぐ啶苦く啶ㄠ�嵿い啷�
[na pak峁�ap膩tena vad膩mi satya峁� u峁�assu yasy膩峁� bhavan膩峁卆ga峁噀bhya岣� | sa峁僢h膩rjan墨bhi岣� parata岣� kriyante
] fayfa冒srafmalfadifa ||
Padmagupta, Navas盲has膩nkacarita, I. 27.