365bet娱乐

Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration and English translation by Ganganath Jha:

啶�啷� 啶�啶距さ啶︵�� 啶ㄠた啶灌�嵿え啷佮さ啷�啶むぞ啶班�嵿ぅ啶� 啶�啶苦ぅ啷嵿く啶� 啶�啶距さ啶む�� 啶掂ぞ 啶掂う啷囙い啷� ?? 啷�
啶む�� 啶ㄠ�冟お啷囙�� 啶灌�嵿く啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶溹�嵿�炧�� 啶︵ぞ啶�啷嵿く啷� 啶むう啷嵿う啷嵿さ啶苦�椸�佮ぃ啶� 啶︵ぎ啶�啷� ?? 啷� 啷�啷� 啷�

yo y膩vad nihnuv墨t膩rtha峁� mithy膩 y膩vati v膩 vadet ?? |
tau n峁沺e峁嘺 hyadharmaj帽au d膩pyau taddvigu峁嘺峁� damam ?? || 59 ||

If one falsely denies a debt, or if the other falsely demands it,鈥攖hese two, proficient in dishonesty, should be made by the king to pay a fine double that sum.鈥�(59)

 

Medh膩tithi鈥檚 commentary (manubh膩峁�ya):

In a case where on the strength of other proofs it has boon decided that the creditor had lent only 5,000, while the sum entered in the document is 10,000; from this it is understood that, the creditor has been dishonest in his dealings, having thought that, as other kinds of evidence would be admissible only for one year, he would get what he would prove by moans of the documentary evidence only; and being found to be dishonest, he should ho fined double the amount. But in a case where there may he a doubt as to whether the fraud had been committed intentionally, or only through carelessness, the fine shall be only ten per cent.

Similarly in the case of the defendant also. It is not that if he denies the whole claim, the tine shall be ten per cent, and if he denies it only partly, then double the amount. As a matter of fact, when they are found to be dealing dishonestly, they shall he fined double the amount; while if their behaviour is found to be due to either negligence or poverty, the fine shall be only ten per cent.

When 鈥�one鈥欌赌�i.e., the debtor鈥斺��denies the debt,鈥� and when the other, i.e., the creditor鈥斺��falsely鈥欌赌攄ishonestly鈥攄emands it;鈥攖hen both these, the creditor as well as the debtor would be 鈥�proficient in dishonesty,鈥� and should be fined 鈥�double the sum鈥�;鈥斺�榯he sum鈥� standing for what is denied; so that the sense is that the fine shall be double the sum that was denied.

The addition of the term 鈥�proficient in dishonesty鈥� indicates that the penalty is imposed for proved dishonesty.鈥�(59)

 

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha

Verses 59-61 are not omitted by Medh膩tithi, as wrongly asserted by Hopkins.

This verse is quoted in 痴颈惫腻诲补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补 (p. 77), which adds the following explanation:鈥擶hen the defendant, through dishonest motives, denies the claim,鈥攐r when the plaintiff prefers a false claim,鈥攂oth those are dishonest dealers, and they should be punished with a fine, which is the double of the amount of the claim;鈥攊n 痴颈惫腻诲补肠颈苍迟腻尘补峁噄 (p. 34), which says that this rule refers to cases where the culprit is very wealthy;鈥攁nd in 碍峁泃测补办补濒辫补迟补谤耻 (80b).

 

Comparative notes by various authors

痴测腻蝉补 (痴颈惫腻诲补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, p. 77).鈥斺�楬e who makes a false claim should be made to pay twice the value of the claim.鈥�

Yama (Do., p. 78).鈥斺�業f the debtor, even though possessed of the requisite means, does not repay the debt, through dishonesty, he should be compelled by the King to pay, having realised from him double of his debt.鈥�

狈腻谤补诲补 (痴颈惫腻诲补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, p. 78).鈥斺�業f the debtor, even though possessed of the requisite means, does not repay the debt, through dishonesty, he should be compelled by the King to repay, after taking from him the twentieth part of the claim as fine.鈥�

驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 (2.11).鈥斺�業f a party makes a false statement, and the other party proves it to he so, then the former shall pay to the King a fine equal to the amount of the claim. The man who makes a false claim shall pay to the King a fine equal to double the amount of the claim.鈥�