365bet娱乐

Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration and English translation by Ganganath Jha:

啶嗋く啷佮し啷嵿ぎ啶距え啷� 啶�啶� 啶膏�屶ぎ啷嵿く啷堗い啶� 啶掂ぞ啶氞�嵿く啷� 啶掂た啶�啷嵿ぐ啷嬥そ啶�啶苦さ啶距う啶ㄠ�� 啷�
啶呧�曕ぞ啶班ざ啷嵿�氞ぞ啶膏�嵿�� 啶ㄠぞ啶�啷嵿え啷嬥そ啶ㄠ�嵿い啷� 啶掂ぞ啶氞�嵿く啶� 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿さ啶距�曕�嵿し啶班�� 啶�啷嵿げ啷佮い啶� 啷� 啷оエ啷� 啷�

膩yu峁�m膩n bhava saumyaiti v膩cyo vipro'bhiv膩dane |
补办腻谤补艣c膩sya n膩mno'nte v膩cya岣� 辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补岣� pluta岣� || 125 ||

On saluting, the 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 should he answered with the words 鈥楤e long lived, O Gentle One鈥�; and at the end of his name the vowel 鈥渁,鈥� which occurs at the end of the consonant, should be pronounced ultra long.鈥�(125)

 

惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈鈥檚 commentary (尘补苍耻产丑腻峁�y补):

On salutation having been done, the answering greeting should be made by the Father to the accoster, with the words鈥斺赌楤e long-lived, Oh Gentle One.鈥� The particle 鈥�iti鈥� in the text is meant to show that the preceding words constitute the formula. The use of such expressions also as (a) 鈥�膩yu峁�m膩n edhi,鈥� ' Prosper O Long-lived One,鈥� (b) 鈥�诲墨谤驳丑腻测耻谤产丑奴测腻丑,鈥� 鈥楤e long-lived,鈥� (c) 鈥�肠颈谤补帽箩墨惫补,鈥� 鈥楲ive long鈥欌赌攊s permitted by the usage of cultured men.

鈥�The vowel 鈥渁鈥濃�欌赌攚hich occurs at the end of the name of the person whose salutation is answered鈥斺赌�should be pronounced ultra-long.鈥� The term 鈥�pluta,鈥� 鈥榰ltra-long,鈥� stands for the vowel that is drawn out to the length of three moras. The vowel 鈥榓鈥� is mentioned only by way of illustration; it stands for 鈥榠鈥� and other vowels also. The 鈥�end鈥� spoken of in the text is in relation to the vowels only; so that in the case of names ending in consonants also, the lengthening applies to the vowel that happens to be the last, 鈥榓t the end.鈥� The term 鈥�辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补岣�鈥� qualities the 鈥榲owel a,鈥� which is to be lengthened; and 鈥�补办峁�a谤补鈥� here stands for the consonant; and the compound means 鈥榯hat vowel of which the preceding syllable is a consonant鈥�; i.e., the vowel occurring along with the consonant. What is meant is that it is the vowel 鈥榓鈥� already there tbat is to be lengthened, and not any such vowel as might be added; that is, the vowel that is already present in the name is to be lengthened out.

All this explanation is in accordance with the rules of the revered P膩峁噄ni; as in the matter of the use of words and their meaning, the revered P膩峁噄ni is more authoritative than Manu and other writers. And P膩峁噄ni has laid down (in 8.2.83) that 鈥榠n answering tile greeting of a non-艣奴dra, the 峁璱 should be ultra-long and the name 鈥�峁璱鈥� is given to that syllable of which the last vowel forms the beginning (which in tho present case is the 鈥�a,鈥� which is regarded as a part of itself and hence 鈥榟aving the last vowel for its beginning鈥�). No significance is meant to be attached to the specification of the 鈥�叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺鈥� in the present verse; as what is here prescribed is applicable to the 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 and others also. The usage sanctioned by other Sm峁泃is is also the same, and no separate rules are laid down for these other castes.

As an example we have such expressions as 鈥楤e long-lived, O Deva岣峚tt膩鈥�; and one containing a name ending in consonant,鈥斺赌楤e long lived, O Soma艣arm膩n.鈥欌赌�(125)

 

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha

Buhler adopts the reading 鈥�辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补辫濒耻迟补岣�鈥�, which is given by Nandana, and mentioned by N膩r膩ya峁嘺. The meaning, according to this, as Buhler remarks, is that the name Devadatta should be pronounced as 鈥楧evadatt膩.鈥� 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 and Kull奴ka adopt the reading 鈥�辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补岣� pluta岣�,鈥� under which the meaning is that 鈥榯he vowel a, which occurs at the end of the consonant, should be pronounced ultra-long.鈥� 鈥淎ccording to this interpretation,鈥� says Buhler, 鈥淢anu鈥檚 rule agrees with 膧pastamba and P膩峁噄n墨 (8-2-88). Govindar膩ja and R膩ghav膩nanda go far off the mark.鈥�

Several commentators note that 鈥�惫颈辫谤补岣�鈥� includes all the twice-born persons.

惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 (p. 182, 1. 4)鈥斺赌�Tatra p奴rvasmin &c.鈥欌赌擪ull奴ka鈥檚 expounding of the compound is simpler鈥斺赌�辫奴谤惫补尘鈥� 苍腻尘补驳补迟补尘鈥斺赌�补办峁�a谤补m鈥欌赌�vy膩帽janam鈥攕a峁兣沴i峁ａ弓am yasya sa 辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补岣�.鈥�

Ibid, (p. 182, 1. 8)鈥斺赌�Bhagav膩n Pa峁噄n墨岣�鈥欌赌擳his refers to the s奴tra 鈥�aconty膩di 峁璱鈥� which defines the 鈥樶弓i鈥� as 鈥榯hat which has for its beginning the last among the vowels鈥�; and the example given in 厂颈诲诲丑腻苍迟补办补耻尘耻诲墨 under S奴tra 8.283 is, 膧yu峁�m膩n bhava Devadatt膩鈥�; from which it is clear that the name 鈥樶弓i鈥� is applicable to the vowel 鈥榓鈥� in 鈥榯ta鈥� and it is 鈥�迟补诲腻诲颈鈥欌赌攈aving for its beginning the last of the vowels鈥攊n the sense that it ends in itself, it being regarded as its own constituent part, according to 艢补产诲别苍诲耻艣别办丑补谤补, which has the following note鈥�

nanu m膩rta峁囜笉a ityatra m膩rta艣abd膩nty膩c tak膩r腻办腻谤补岣� sa 膩diryasyetyanyapad膩rtho durlabha iti cenna | ekasminneva samud膩yatv膩rope峁嘺 tadavayavatv膩rope峁嘺 ca tadupapatte岣� ||

This verse is quoted in 笔补谤腻艣补谤补尘腻诲丑补惫补 (膧c膩ra, p. 297), which adds the following notes:鈥擳he compound 鈥�辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补岣�鈥� is to be expounded as p奴rvara 补办峁�a谤补m yasya; and the 鈥�purvam 补办峁�a谤补m鈥�, 鈥榩receding syllable,鈥� in a name is the consonant, since a vowel can not be 鈥榩receded鈥� by another vowel; hence the meaning comes to be that the vowel at the end of the final consonant should be pronounced ultra-long. The term 鈥�补办峁�a谤补岣�鈥� stands for all vowels that may occur at the end of a name [This is exactly what 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 and Kull奴ka have said]; the text could not have meant the vowel 鈥榓鈥� only; as it is not possible for all names to end in that vowel. Thus the formula comes to be鈥斺赌�膩yu峁�m膩n bhava saumya Devadatt膩.鈥�

It is quoted in 惭补诲补苍补辫腻谤颈箩腻迟补 (p. 26), which supplies three different explanations:鈥擜t the end of the words 鈥�膩yu峁�m膩n bhava saumya,鈥� the name of the saluter should be pronounced鈥斺赌�痴颈峁ａ箛耻艣补谤尘补苍鈥�; (a) at the end of the name an 鈥榓鈥� should be pronounced, and of this 鈥榓,鈥� the 鈥�辫奴谤惫补蝉惫补谤补岣�,鈥� the preceding syllable,鈥�.should be ultra-long. The masculine form 鈥�补办峁�a谤补岣�鈥� is a Vedic archaism, [ the right form being 鈥�补办峁�a谤补m鈥橾. Though the syllable 鈥榩receding鈥� (the 鈥榓鈥� pronounced after the name 鈥�痴颈峁ａ箛耻艣补谤尘补苍鈥�) would be 鈥榥,鈥� yet inasmuch as the consonant could not be pronounced 鈥榰ltra-long,鈥� the term 鈥榩receding syllable鈥� would apply in this case to 鈥榓鈥� that is contained in the name [ i.e. the 鈥榓鈥� after 鈥榤鈥橾; and it is this 鈥榓鈥� that would be pronounced ultra-long [The formula thus being 鈥�膩yu峁�m膩n bhava saumya Vi峁ａ箛u艣arm膩3n鈥橾.鈥�(&) 鈥�P奴rv膩k峁�aram plutam鈥� is another reading, in which case the construction is all light [and there is no archaism]; the meaning being that 鈥榯he preceding syllable is to be pronounced ultra-long.鈥欌赌�(c) Or, the sentence 鈥�补办腻谤补艣ch膩sya n膩mno鈥檔te鈥� may be explained as follows:鈥擳he vowel 鈥榓鈥� (腻办腻谤补岣�) that appears at the end of 鈥榟is鈥� (鈥榓sya鈥�, the saluter鈥檚) 鈥榥ame鈥� (鈥�苍腻尘苍补岣�鈥�)鈥斺赌榓鈥� mentioned only by way of illustration, any vowel at the end of the name being meant,鈥攊s what is qualified by the qualifying word 鈥�辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补岣�鈥欌赌攚hich means, in this case,鈥�that which has the syllables, 补办峁�a谤补m, in the name 鈥�preceding鈥欌赌斺赌�辫奴谤惫腻峁噄,鈥欌赌�itself; and such a vowel should be pronounced ultra-long,鈥攁nd no other 鈥榓鈥�, either in the name itself, or added after the name.

The formula, according to all these explanations, is 鈥�膩yu峁�m膩n bhava saumya Devadatt膩3.鈥� This is not accepted by 痴墨谤补尘颈迟谤辞诲补测补 (Sa峁僺k膩ra p. 452), which would omit the word 鈥�saumya,鈥� which in Manu鈥檚 text, it takes as standing for the name of the saluter; so that the formula according to it would be 鈥�膩yu峁�m膩n bhava Devadatt膩3.鈥� It argues that if we don鈥檛 take the word 鈥�saumya鈥� as standing for the name, we would have to seek elsewhere for the injunction for pronouncing the name in regard to which the second half prescribes the ultra-elongation of the final 鈥榓.鈥欌赌擜s regards the second line of the verse, it takes it to mean that, 鈥榯he a tliat appears at the end of the saluter鈥檚 name should be pronounced ultra-long;鈥攁nd adds that the vowel 鈥�a鈥� here stands for vowels in general; as all names do not, and cannot end in 鈥�a鈥�, in the case of names ending in consonants also, fhe syllable to be ultra-elongated would be the last of the vmvels contained in the name; it is clear from P膩峁噄ni鈥檚 rule that the 鈥�峁璱鈥� syllable is to be so pronounced (see note, above)鈥攁nd it is the last vowel that is called 鈥�峁璱鈥�.鈥擨n the compound 辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补岣� 鈥�补办峁�a谤补鈥� means consonant, and the compound means 鈥榯hat which has a consonant immediately preceding it鈥�; so that the text comes to mean that 鈥榯he vowel that has a consonant immediately preceding it should not be separated from the consonant and then pronounced ultra-long; it should be pronounced along with the consonant.鈥� It concludes that this explanation is in agreement with 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 and several others. According to this view the formulas would be鈥�(a) 鈥�膩yu峁�m膩n bhava Devadatt膩3鈥� (where the name ends in a vowel) and (b) 鈥�膩yu峁�m膩n bhava Soma艣arm膩3n,鈥� where the name ends in a consonant.

The same work goes on to add that Haradatta has adopted the reading 鈥�辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补辫濒耻迟补岣�鈥� (see note above) and has explained the verse as follows:鈥擜t the end of the name is to be pronounced an additional 鈥�a鈥欌赌攐ver and above the syllables in the name itself,鈥攁nd this additional 鈥�a鈥欌赌攊s to be 鈥�辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补辫濒耻迟补岣�,鈥欌赌�i. e., 鈥榟aving its preceding syllable鈥�i. e., vowel鈥攗濒迟谤补-濒辞苍驳鈥�;鈥�i. e., the vowel preceding the additional 鈥�a鈥� should be ultra-long; and this may be done also where consonants may be intervening between the two. Thus in the case of there being no intervening consonant, the formula would be 膩yu峁�m膩n bhava saumya Devadatt膩3,鈥� while in that of there being an intervening consonant, it would be 膩yu峁�m膩n bhava saumya Agnichi3da鈥� (where the consnant, 鈥�d鈥� intervenes between the additional 鈥�a鈥� at the end, and the vowel 鈥�i鈥� preceding it.)

It further adds that the term 鈥�惫颈辫谤补岣�鈥� includes the 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 and others also, as is clear from the fact that in grammar we find rules (a) making the ultra-elongation of the final vowel optional in the case of the saluter being a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 or a 痴补颈艣测补, and also (b) prohibiting the elongation in the case of the saluter being a woman or a 艢奴诲谤补.

This work quotes 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 to the effect that the words in the text 鈥�膩yu峁�m膩n bhava saumya鈥� are meant to be purely illustrative, and it is not meant that these should be the very words used; it is thus that even such returns become permissible as鈥斺赌�腻测耻峁�m腻苍别诲丑颈,鈥� 鈥�诲墨谤驳丑腻测耻谤产丑奴测腻岣�,鈥� 鈥�肠颈谤补帽箩墨惫补鈥� and others that are in common use among cultured people.

This verse is quoted also in 狈颈谤峁嘺测补蝉颈苍诲丑耻 (p. 191), where 鈥�辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补岣�鈥� is explained as referring to the letter preceding the 鈥榥鈥� in 鈥�艣补谤尘补苍鈥�;鈥攁nd in 础辫补谤腻谤办补 (p, 53), which adds the following note:鈥擳he 鈥�补办腻谤补鈥� here stands for the final vowel in the name of the saluter; hence whichever. vowel occurs at the end of the name should be pronounced ultra-long; hence 鈥�辫奴谤惫腻办峁�a谤补岣�鈥� means 鈥榯hat which is preceded by a syllable鈥�; this syllable preceding the final vowel must be a consonant. Hence the meaning is that the vowel, along with the consonant, should be pronounced ultra-long. It does not mean that an additional 鈥榓鈥� is to be added at the end of the name.

It is quoted in 厂尘峁泃颈肠补苍诲谤颈办腻 (Sa峁僺k膩ra, p. 98), which adds the following notes:鈥擳he vowel 鈥�a鈥� here stands for any vowel that occurs at the end of a name; there is no such rule as that every name must end in 鈥榓鈥�; hence the elongation pertains to the vowel that occurs at the end of a name; and it does not mean that an additional 鈥�a鈥� has to be added at the end of every name.

It is quoted also in 厂补峁僺办腻谤补尘补测奴办丑补 (p. 46), which has the same remarks regarding the vowel 鈥�a鈥�; it adds:鈥擜ccording to some people, the title 鈥�艣补谤尘补苍鈥� also has to be pronounced; so that the formula would be 鈥�膩yu峁�m膩n bhava Devadatt膩 艣补谤尘补苍.鈥� Others hold that the elongation prescribed is to be done to the 鈥榓鈥� contained in the term 鈥�艣补谤尘补苍鈥� But this is open to doubt, as the term 鈥�艣补谤尘补苍鈥� does not form part of the name; if it did, then, as some other syllables would necessarily be required to be prefixed to this, it could not be possible to have any name 鈥榳ith two letters鈥�, as has been prescribed. This elongation of the vowel is not done in the name of the 艢奴诲谤补, who is excluded, according to P膩峁噄ni鈥檚 S奴tra 鈥�笔谤补迟测补产丑颈惫腻诲别鈥櫯浥玠谤别鈥�; this however makes it clear that the salutation of the 艢奴诲谤补 also is to be returned.

 

Comparative notes by various authors

膧辫补蝉迟补尘产补-顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 (1.6.17).鈥斺赌楾he previous letters should he ultra-long in the salutation as also in the returngreeting.鈥�

痴补艣颈峁ａ弓丑补 (痴墨谤补尘颈迟谤辞诲补测补-Sa峁僺k膩ra, p. 453).鈥斺赌楾he last vowel in the greeting is ultra-long.鈥�