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The Theravada, which was otherwise called Vibhajjavada, was the earliest Buddhist school. l

-: 72 :Although Devadatua seceded from Buddha on Five Propositions concerning religious practice, which were not accepted by Buddha, still during the life time of Buddha there was no division in his Sasana. Again, although there were difference of opinions among the Theras of the First Buddhist Council of Rajagaha, yet there was no division, and upto one hundred years after the Mahaparinibbana of Buddha, there was no division. The first division was noticed after the Second Buddhist Council of Vesall when the Ten Minor Points (dasa-vatthu) of disciplinary transgression by the liberal monks were not accepted by the orthodoy Theras. In the Council, there was a heated controversy between the orthodox and the liberals and the Buddha's Holy Order was divided into the Theravadins and the Mahasanghikas. } After the Secons Council, the liberal group convened another convention, called Mahasangiti, and from that time they nown, f } came to be known, rather called themselves, as Maha- suan 1 6 sanchikas. Prof. H. Nakamura designates the Theravada as the most conservative sect and spines that the appellation. Theravada, does not stand for their doctrine, but it is a symbol of their orthodoxy which they held up in opposition to the progressive and beral steps of the Mahasanghikas. And within two hundred years after the Mahaparinibbana of Buddha, the Buddhist Order was 6. Nakamura, H., Indian Buddhism. * J p. 101.

--: 73 :. 掳 viz. alvided into 18 distiner schools. First the Theravada was divided into two schools, viz. Vajjiputlaka (Sanskrit Vatsiputriya) and Mahimasasaka (Sanskrit Mahisasaka). Again, from Vajiputtaka 4 schools grew up, Sammitiya, Chandagarike (Skt. Sannagarika); Bhaddayanika and Dhammuttarika (Skt. Dharmottariya). The Mahimasasaka was divided into two schools, viz. Dhammaguttika (Skt. Dharmaguptaka) and Sabbatthivado (Skt. Sarvastivada). From Sabbatthivada, again 3 schools were developed, viz. Kassapika (Skt. Kasyapiya), Sarkantika (Skt. Sautrantika) and Suttavada (Skt. Subravada). Thus from the Theravada, $1 schools grew up. Again, the Malasarghika was first divided into 3 schools, viz. Cetiya (Skt. Caitika), Ekavoharika (Skt. Ekavyayanarika) and Gokulika (Skt. Kukkutika). From the Gokulika, again 2 schools were developed, viz. Pammattivada (Skt. Prajnaptivadin) and Bahusrutika (Skt. Bahubmutiya). Thus from the Mahasanghika 5 schools grew up. In total 13 schools: Theravada (11) + Mahasanghika (+ 5) = 18. During the time $ * of Third Buddhist Council, which was patronized by emperor Asoka, these 18 schools were noticed and many of them took part in the deliberations of the Council. After the Asokan period, the Cetiya school of the Mahasanghika was further split into 4 schools, viz. Purvasaila, Aparasaila (= Uttaraila), Rajika and Siddharthika. I 7 The Theravada, sohool was called Hinayana by the newly emerging llahayanists of later days, probably at the 1 1

t -: 74 : beginning of the Christian era. Of the different sects growing out of the Theravada, the Sarvastivada gained prominence in North-western India and Central Asia. During the time of the Kushana emperor Kaniska, the Sarvastivada was so popular that Kaniska himself was converted to that faith and propagated its tenets in and around North Western India and Central Asia. He also convened a Buddhist Council, in which collected all the available texts of this school and made an arrangement for their preservation and translation in different language. In the last few decades a good number of Buddhist Sanskrit manuscripts have been discovered from Gilgit, Central Asia, and the like, most of which belong to the Sarvastivada school. Another importance of this school lies in the fact, that they have first invented the image of Buddha i.e. they have first of all given the figural representation of Buddha, which was in the Gandhara style. One branch called the Mulasarvastivadins appeared within the Sarvastivada, which claimed themselves to possess the fundamental and orthodox teachings of Buddha. The Tibetan Buddhism is mainly based on the Mulasarvastivada. Sarvastivadins came to be known as the Valbhasikas, as they considered the Vibhasa as the authentic treatise. The Valbhasika school was split into two, viz. the Kashmira. Vaibhasika and the Western (= Pascatya) Vaibhasika, Vasubandhu composed his Abhidharmakosa based on the doctrine of the Kashmira-Vaibhaciras. i y After the Council of Kaniska, the The original Theravada was spread from India to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. The 6

-: 75 :Mahasanghika school became popular in the South Western India, especially in Mathura from the 1st century B.C. The Sammitiya school gained prominence in Western India, including Saurastra. In the Gupta Inscription the names of the Sammitiya and Vatsiputriya can be traced.