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290 7.3. Solutions for current crises 7.3.1. Solution for health crisis Health is the greatest property of human life. That property is firstly dependent upon edible food. Nowadays although human beings have discovered many kinds of food, which are good nutrition that can improve the health and their living is rather comfortable, they still have to face health crisis - that are serious diseases are threatening their physical health. The researcher thinks that, crisis of health has come from basic causes such as: the wrong attitude about the method of improvement of the health: People think that consumption of many nourishing foods will get sound health and freedom from diseases. The meat of animals is regarded as daily food in order to serve the human health. There is attachment for nourishing foods. Therigatha they wish forward to and do evil actions. From the above causes, solutions for health crisis can be: With right view and right mindfulness, one has to distinguish between what is healthful and what is harmful, because what he eats or drink can bring about mental or physical pain. Be aware that putting a lot of nourishing foods into the body will be easy to change them to become toxins and cause diseases. Be aware that animal meat is not right daily food for good health and vegetables are very good for it. Gandhi who does not regard flesh-food as necessary for human beings to live ordinarily at any stage and under any clime, holds flesh-food to be unsuitable to our species. 523 Buddhism believes that meat-eating is easy to hurt one's true love because it is one of the most vital elements of human health. Restrain from taking immoderate in foods, though the foods may be very delicious. True health is impossible without a rigid control of the plate. Further, prevent from doing evil actions: The body performs evils 523 Compiled by Trudy S. Settel, The Wisdom of Gandhi, Delhi: Manjul, 2004, p. 143.

291 which are such as killing, stealing, sexual pleasure; evil words, and evil thoughts. The operation of these evil actions is that of lust, hatred, and delusion, and of diseases, which will burn away both physical and mental health. Gandhi said, "the relation between the body and the mind is so intimate that if either of them gets out of order, the whole system would suffer. Hence it follows that a pure character is the foundation of health in the real sense of the term; and we may say that all evil actions and evil passions are but different forms of disease. "524 Whenever one has a trained mind, it brings health and happiness to him. 7.3.2. Solution for sense organs crisis 525 The six internal sense organs: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind constantly consume the six external sense bases (the external world): material form, sound, smell, taste, tactual object, and mental object like their foods. Attachment to the external world arisen from touching has caused worldly winds: gain and loss, fame and shame, praise and blame, and happiness and pain. Nowadays, social environment is being downgraded seriously; man's sense organs have absorbed a lot of adverse cases such as conflict, violence, hatred, killing, lying and deceit; that cases blind one's mind leading to evil actions. Such is the crisis of sense organs. The senses organs crisis leads to other crises in society. The solution is to avoid touching the images and sounds that can cause anger and greed, and keep in touch with the images and sounds that can bring joy to us. It is essential to contemplate deeply on man and external world. It needs are not self, changing, and conditioning in order to give up attachment and grasping. With right view, one sees that due to attachment to the external world, there is suffering, sorrow, and samsara. Ibid., p. 90. $24 525 Dhammapada , verse No. 35.

292 The method of meditation will help one to be free from attachment to the external world, eliminate ignorance and see that this is not I, mine, and myself. In doing so, the six external sense objects are not obstacles to the six sense organs or mind, the contrary they are useful means for one to cultivate in order to get out of the crisis of sense organs. Gandhi said, "He who has conquered his sense organs has really conquered the whole world."526 According to Dependent Origination, due to contact (between internal sense bases and external sense bases) pleasant feeling, painful feeling, or neither pleasant nor painful feeling arises. The contemplation of those feelings is also a solution for sense organs: when one experiences a bodily or mental pleasant feeling, one knows: "I experience or feel a pleasant feeling." But this knowledge casts out the belief in a being, and uproots the wrong view on a self/soul because "I experience" or "I feel" is a conventional expression for that impersonal process of feeling. 7.3.3. Solution for will crisis From the crisis of sense organs (or contact food) it is leading to the crisis of will or wish of mind (volitional food). It is known that when wishes: "I am this," "I am not this," "I am that," "I am not that," "I will be thus," "I will not be thus," "May I be thus," "May I not be thus," occur in one's mind they are synonymous with war, competition, struggle, hatred. Such is the crisis of will. Those wishes are the volitions that are controlled by ignorance and craving; due to ignorance volition arises, due to volition consciousness arises, and the whole suffering arises. The solution for the crisis of will is to be found through the cultivation of volitions which means transform the self-thoughts - wishes attached to the "I" and "mine" into the not-self. The Four Foundations of 526 Ibid., p. 89.

293 527 Mindfulness make the only way to extinguish the wishes of mind causing suffering and do help one develop the noble wishes with immeasurable mind overcoming the boundary of the self-thought, leading to true happiness in the present of here-and-now. 7.3.4. Solution for consciousness crisis The crisis of health, sense organs, and will will be leading to that of consciousness. Every day all the seeds of anger, greed, delusion, suspicions, grasping, and pride sown on the land of our consciousness and create our body, our body, mind, and world; it is very painful. Our consciousness has consumed the countless toxins through the unmindful thoughts, words, and actions. Such is the crisis of consciousness. 529 999528 Lord Buddha said, "The one who is calm in body, calm in speech, calm in mind, who is well-composed, who has rejected worldly life this is truly called 'peaceful one. Calm in all actions is one of solutions for the crisis of consciousness. Further, the solution for its crisis is to cultivate the meditation through the contemplation of the sixteen mental states and the contemplation of mental objects in which the five hindrances (panca nivaranani)530 must be identified and extinguished, and to practise the four immeasurable minds and the Noble Eightfold Path as mentioned leading to the purification and the extrication of crises of consciousness and in order to transform one's consciousness into wisdom. 527 The Four Foundations of Mindfulness: Body contemplation, contemplation on feelings, 528 529 530 contemplation on mind, and contemplation on mental objects. (see at Satipatthanasutta, M. I.) Dhammapada , verse No. 378. M. I, Satipatthanasutta. The five hindrances: Sense desire (kamacchanda), anger, sloth and torpor, agitation and worry, and skeptical doubt, ibid.

294 7.3.5. Solution for hunger crisis The crisis of the four foods leads to the hunger crisis. The word "hunger" means the strong desire or craving for worldly things. In this sense, not only the poor are hungry but also so are the rich. The human's mind never stops or satisfies desires for tasty foods, for sexual and sensual pleasure, for beautiful form, for good sound, for good smell, for possession, for fame, for position, for prestige, etc. Whenever one's hunger is filled, sorrow, worry, fear, war, conflict, enemies, and other dangers follow one as the wheels of a cart roll over the tracks of the bullock that draws it. The current world hunger crisis is also in the same situation. 531 - Hunger in the sense of craving for worldly things is the second Noble Truth the cause of all suffering in life. For this, the practice of the Four Foundations of Mindfulness as mentioned or the Noble Eightfold Path is the way leading to healing current world hunger crisis. The researcher thinks that the human world will be free from hunger crisis, live in peace and happiness, prosperous welfare in every aspects of life whenever all human beings transform such cravings into vigor (virya) which is intense craving directed toward spiritual growth. This means that while holding on the concentration and one-pointedness of mind, if one emphasizes craving, which is concentration of craving. One generates craving for non-arising of unwholesome and wholesome states that have not yet arisen; he puts forth effort and mobilizes energy. Therefore, mobilize vigor to attain what is unattained. In this way one's taking to the spiritual life will not be barren, but fruitful and ever-growing. Such is the way to resolve the current hunger crisis. If such cravings are transformed, hunger will end. 532 531 Dhammapada , Verse No. 1. 532 S. V, 268.

295 7.3.6. Solution for conscience crisis Conscience is the part of your mind that tells one whether what he is doing is morally right or wrong. The four kinds of food are consumed with attachment, hatred, delusion leading to conscience crisis. The evil words, thoughts, actions, and selfish will of a man have been done will make him remorseful. Such is the conscience crisis. Remorse for what has been done is a good psychological state but it also obstructs one's progress. Right view and right mindfulness will help one identify what kinds of nutriment bring remorse to him after digesting and what kinds nutriment bring joy to him. The conscience torment is also social behavior psychology; therefore, the practice of the four immeasurable minds is regarded as the positive solution for its crisis. 7.3.7. Solution for educational crisis All the current crises originate from food crisis. As already mentioned, the existence of human race on the earth is dependent on the four kinds of ahara. Education that plays an important role in human life also exists on food. There is food crisis and also there is educational crisis. The knowledge is imparted to the students as food is put into the body. If the teachers or communicators have no true knowledge about the truth of man and life, of happiness and pain, they cannot help their students improve the illusion of life, tension, and stress in mind and realize as they really are. Thus, if education is not nourished by the valuable theory of "ahara" and by sources of true nutrition, that education cannot impart nourishing lessons, knowledge, and subjects to the young. The education is similar to a mother, her children will be suffering if their mother is too weak to feed them. The true education is to contain the true lessons and their contents have high nutritious value known as the Noble Eightfold Path or the Four

296 Immeasurable Minds. With these values, the lessons in all schools do aim at improving the health, the six internal sense bases, and eliminating wrong wishes, ill consciousness, and thoughts in relation to the idea "I" and "mine" as a means to true happiness. The final goal of education is to help people attain true happiness, therefore if the lessons that contain matterthat is full of insipid and vapid knowledge stimulate craving, grasping, competition, and struggle and that kind of education does not execute its rightly role and discharge its responsibility. If education regards not-self thought, the doctrine of Dependent Origination and the Four Noble Truth as noble nutrition for its development, education will discover a correct way for "what to educate/feed/nourish" and "how to educate/feed/nourish" men, then it helps people to identify what they really are, what the world really is, and get rid of all causes/foods/sufferings from them so that they are prepared for happiness in the here-and-now. Such is solution for "educational crisis." The above are solutions for the current food crisis and other related interdependent crises. "A critical study of ahara and its importance as depicted in the Panca Nikaya" that has opened for us a new avenue for food of human beings and has asserted where the source of true nutrition of human beings is. It is time for us to make a choice between the two sources of nutrition: the first one is considering the satisfaction of one's desire for the four types of foods as a means to one's happiness and the satisfaction of the foods in relation to the wishes "I am this," "I will be thus," "I will not be thus" as the basis on which all values in life are based. The second one is accepting the consumption of the four kinds of food in moderation, with non-attachment, with the control of one's desire, with right view and

297 mindfulness as a means to free from suffering and to one's happiness in the here-and-now, though one can encounter many difficulties in his life. The former has caused many problems and crises in human life, only the latter is a hope of getting out of the current troubles and crises. To decide to choose this topic, the researcher knows that it is very difficult to explain the theory of ahara as taught by Lord Buddha in the Pancanikaya, and it is hard to convince others to agree with His specific teachings as a source of true food/nutrition for worldly men. However, he has made an attempt overcome difficulties in order to start carrying on and complete this research work by employing his limited ability.